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Grade 12 EDSS > Macromolecules 2023 > Flashcards

Macromolecules 2023 Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrates contain the elements ___, _____, and ____, in a ratio of:

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. 1:2:1

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2
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

A

Easy access energy (ex. glucose), can provide structure (ex. cellulose).

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3
Q

What are the 3 popular monosaccharides + disaccharides?

A

Glucose, fructose, galactose. Maltose, sucrose, lactose.

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4
Q

Practice drawing a glucose molecules. What is the difference in structure between glucose and fructose?

A

Glucose is a hexo-sugar, fructose is a pento-sugar.

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5
Q

Describe amylopectin.

A

Amylopectin is found in potatoes + starches, and has complex storage. It is made of 20-30 branches of glucose chains and has A 1,4 and A 1,6 glycosidic links (bonds).

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6
Q

Describe amylose.

A

Simple storage of carbs, found in wheat, pasta, etc. 100s of glucose chains ONLY in A 1,4 chains.

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7
Q

Describe cellulose.

A

Structural polysaccharide that cannot be digested by humans. Found in cells walls, made of B 1,4 glycosidic links.

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8
Q

Describe glycogen.

A

Serves as glucose storage in animals. A glucose chains, long branches. Found in liver, brain, and muscles.

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9
Q

Describe chitin.

A

Makes up the exoskeleton of insects and crustaceans. It is a modified glucose monomer.

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10
Q

What are fatty acids?

A

Fatty acids are the “monomers” of lipids. As HC chain increases, the more NP/hydrophobic a fatty acid becomes. Made of HC chain, carbonyl, and hydroxyl.

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11
Q

What is the difference between cis/trans isomers?

A

Cis isomers have a mirror-like appearance, trans isomers do not.

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12
Q

What are the functions of lipids?

A

Long term energy storage (2x the energy storage as glucose), insulation, protection.

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13
Q

What is the structure and function of a triglyceride?

A

1 glycerol, 3 fatty acids makes 1 triglyceride and 3 water. Long term storage of energy, fat insulation, doesn’t affect water content in cells.

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14
Q

What is an ester linkage?

A

Bond between oxygen molecules of a glycerol and hydroxyl molecules of a fatty acid.

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15
Q

What is the function and structure of a phospholipid?

A

Hydrophilic head made of phosphate and glycerol, hydrophobic tail made of fatty acids. Makes up cell membrane to control transport in cell.

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16
Q

Describe waxes.

A

Waxes are long HC chains, often linked to alcohols/carbon rings. Very NP, hydrophobic, soft solids at SATP. Used by plants to prevent water loss, used by animals to protect.

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17
Q

Describe steroids.

A

Four-ring structure, making them insoluble in water. Used as hormones + neurotransmitters (ex. testosterone, cortisol, cholesterol, etc.).

18
Q

What are glycolipids and lipoproteins?

A

Glycolipids are lipids attached to glucose (found in brain). Lipoproteins are lipid attached to proteins that carry other lipids (ex. cholesterol) through blood.

19
Q

What is the structure and function of DNA?

A

Double helix (double-stranded). Has base pairs, long molecules. DNA contains genetic information, passed onto offspring, controls cell’s activity.

20
Q

What is a phosphodiester bond?

A

Link between a phosphate + hydroxyl group which joins nucleotides together.

21
Q

What is the structure and function of RNA?

A

Usually single-stranded, contains uracil instead of thymine, shorter + broken down faster than DNA. Important in protein synthesis, various functions.

22
Q

Differentiate tRNA, mRNA, rRNA.

A

tRNA - transfer RNA which carries amino acids.
mRNA - messenger RNA used to build proteins.
rRNA - ribosomal RNA makes up part of ribosomes.

23
Q

Name the three functions of DNA/RNA.

A

Energy carrier molecule, cofactors in reactions, internal cell signaling.

24
Q

What are nucleic acids? What are their monomers?

A

Nucleic acids act to code information. Two types are DNA/RNA, their monomers are nucleotides.

25
Q

Describe the structure of a nucleotide.

A

One phosphate functional group, one ribo-sugar, and a nitrogenous base (5 different types). Elements used: CHONP.

26
Q

What are the two types of nucleotides? What makes them different?

A

Purines are nitrogenous bases with 2 rings, pyrimidines are bases with a single ring. Purines have adenine, guanine. Pyrimidines have thymine, cytosine, and uracil.

27
Q

List base pair rules.

A

In DNA: adenine + thymine (double), cytosine + guanine (triple). In RNA: adenine + uracil, cytosine + guanine.

28
Q

What is the difference between a deoxyribonucleic sugar and ribonucleic sugar? Practice drawing both.

A

Deoxyribonucleic has one less oyxgen.

29
Q

What are the different bonds across the 4 macromolecules?

A

Lipids = ester linkage, carbs = glycosidic link, nucleic acids = phosphodiester bond, proteins = peptide bond

30
Q

Proteins contain a _____ carbon, an ______ group, ______ acid, and an __ group which differentiates the ___ amino acids.

A

Central, amino, carboxylic, R, 20

31
Q

What is the function of a digestive enzyme? Give examples and what they break down.

A

Digestive enzymes break down food to be absorbed in the small intestine. Ex. amylase breaks down amylose, lipase breaks down lipose, lactase breaks down lactose, etc.

32
Q

What is the function of a transport enzyme? Give examples and their function.

A

Transports substances around the body either in blood or lymph. Ex. hemoglobin moves blood, CO2, etc.W

33
Q

What is the function of a contractive transport enzyme? Give examples.

A

Allows muscles to move the body. Ex. actin and myosine in muscles.

34
Q

What is the function of hormone proteins? Give examples and their function.

A

Regulate many bodily functions by sending signals to our organs. Ex. insulin, which causes cells to take glucose from blood and convert to glycogen.

35
Q

What is the function of storage proteins? Give examples and their function.

A

Protein can be a source of energy/food. Ex. albumin in eggs can supply energy to the chick. Energy in seeds for plant germination provides good protein for humans.

36
Q

What is the function of structural proteins? Give examples.

A

Provides shape and solid form in cells and body. Ex. tubulin in cytoskeleton provides structure within cytoplasm, keratin provides structure for hair and nails.

37
Q

What is the function of defense proteins? Give examples.

A

Defense proteins help identify “self.” Ex. white blood cells produce antibodies that bind to foreign material + pathogens, glycoproteins on cell membrane.

38
Q

What are chaperonins?

A

Molecules that allow proteins to enter their barrel-like structure and assist with protein folding.

39
Q

What is protein denaturation? Give two real-life examples.

A

High heat, pH, etc. causes atoms within proteins to move at a rapid speed and denature the protein. Cooking an egg and getting a perm are both examples of protein denaturation.

40
Q
A

Grade 12 EDSS (9 decks)

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