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Grade 12 EDSS > Homeostasis 2023 > Flashcards

Homeostasis 2023 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the meaning of hypoxemia? What can cause it?

A

Low oxygen. Anemia, lung conditions, high altitude, sleep apnea.

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2
Q

What hormone stimulates red blood cell production? What does it do and where is it made?

A

EPO (erythropoietin). Athletes use this to stimulate red blood cell production so cells can collect oxygen. EPO is made in the kidneys, which increases urine production.

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3
Q

What are the signs of hyperglycemia?

A

Polyphagia (hunger), polyuria (urinating), polydipsia (thirsty), dry skin, blurred vision, delayed wound healing.

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4
Q

What are the signs of hypoglycemia?

A

Tachycardia, irritability, restless, excessive hunger, dizziness, clamminess.

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5
Q

Insulin keeps blood glucose levels in what range?

A

70-120mg/dL

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6
Q

What type of cells take up glucose? In what cells are glucose stored in?

A

Adipose, glycogen.

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7
Q

_________ evaporating from the skin ______ the body. When it is _______, it is harder to cool off because ________ in the air prevents ______ from evaporating as much.

A

Sweat, cools, humid, moisture, sweat

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8
Q

What is the difference between exo and endotherms?

A

Endotherms maintain a relatively steady temperature, exotherms rely on their environment.

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9
Q

First, blood enters the ___________ and the blood pressure pushes ________ and waste into the _________’s capsule. ________ of plasma is filtrated per day.

A

Glomerulus, plasma, Bowman, 180L.

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10
Q

Secondly, the ________ tube absorbs amino acids, _________, ions, and _______.

A

Proximal, glucose, water

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11
Q

Next, the loop of __________, covered in a mesh of ______ ____________, reabsorbs ________.

A

Henley, blood vessels, water

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12
Q

Lastly, there is a last chance to absorb _______ from the blood before moving into the collecting duct as _______.

A

Waste, urine.

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13
Q

What is aldosterone?

A

A lipid steroid hormone that is made by the adrenal ducts, which are located on top of the kidneys.

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14
Q

What cell is most important to kidney function? How many are there in each kidney?

A

Nephrons. 1 million in the kidneys.

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15
Q

What is the antidiuretic hormone? What is it inhibited by?

A

A protein hormone produced by the brain. Can travel through blood, and causes kidneys to release less water. Moves aquaporins so more water reabsorption occurs. Inhibited by alcohol, caffiene, ecstasy has opposite effect.

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16
Q

What is hyponatremia?

A

When one drinks too much water in a short period of time. Causes electrolyte levels to be reduced in blood, which can result in burst cells and death.

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17
Q

What are the five glands in the endocrine system?

A

Pituitary (master), thyroid, adrenal, pancreas, testes/ovaries.

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18
Q

What hormone does the thyroid gland release? What is its purpose?

A

Thyroxine. Regulates metabolism, growth and development.

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19
Q

What are adrenal glands attached to? What do they release and do?

A

Attached to the kidneys. Releases adrenaline, which increases heart rate, causes fight/flight.

20
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

Produces the hormone insulin, regulates blood-glucose concentration.

21
Q

What do the testes and ovaries do?

A

The testes produce testosterone, produces sperm. Ovaries produce estrogen. Intitiates puberty, menstrual cycle, etc.

22
Q

What is the main difference between the endocrine and nervous system?

A

Endocrine system relies on hormones and has longer lasting effects. Nervous system relies on electrical impulses and is fast-acting.

23
Q

What are the four areas of the brain?

A

Frontal, temporal, parietal, occipital

24
Q

What do the cerebrum and cerebellum do?

A

The cerebrum transports neurons and is responsible for learning, reasoning, etc. The cerebellum is a collection of nerves and fibers that carries signals to other parts of the brain.

25
Q

What functions does the brainstem have?

A

Anchords brain to the spinal cord. Contains the midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, which control heartbeat, breathing, digestion, and sleep.

26
Q

What structures does the diencephalon contain? What is it responsible for?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland. Responsible for weight regulation, eating, drinking, having sex.

27
Q

What is the blood brain barrier?

A

A semi permebale membraine made of blood to protect the brain.

28
Q

What are symptoms of a stroke?

A

Face, arms, speech, confusion, etc.

29
Q

What are symptoms of a migraine?

A

Head pain, brain fog, sensitivity to light, dizziness, etc.

30
Q

What are symptoms of a concussion?

A

Headache, amnesia, light/sound sensitivity, irritability, etc.

31
Q

Signs and symptoms of meningitis?

A

Fever, vomiting, headache, confusion, etc.

32
Q

What anatomy is contained in the central nervous system? Peripheral nervous system?

A

Central = brain and spinal cord. Periphral = brain, spinal cord, spine, nerves.

33
Q

What are reflex arcs? What do they do?

A

They are neural pathways that control reflexes. Most sensory neurons pass directly to the spinal chord and don’t even travel to the brain.

34
Q

The _______ is the functional unit of the nervous system, otherwise known as nerve cells. The three types are: ______, ______, _______.

A

Neuron, sensory, motor and interneurons.

35
Q

What do sensory (afferent) neurons do? What do motor (efferent) neurons do? What do interneurons do?

A

Sensory neurons send information from the sensory receptors to the CNS via nerves. Motor neurons send information from the CNS to either muscles or glands. Interneurons are only found in the CNS and relay messages between neurons.

36
Q

Neurons have a resting potential of _____mV. Stimulus causes this number to _______.

A

-70, rise

37
Q

What is the synpase?

A

Where information is exchanged between neurons/glands/organs

38
Q

What is serotonin and what does it affect?

A

Seritonin is a natural mood stabilizer. It carries messages between nerve cells in the brain. Affects mood, cognition, reward, vomiting, vasoconstriction.

39
Q

What is dopamine and what does it affect?

A

Dopamine acts on brain to give feelings of pleasure, satisfaction, reward, causes addition. Controls mood memory, sleep, learning.

40
Q

What are epinephrine + norepinephrine, and what do they do?

A

AKA adrenaline, they are released from adrenal gland into blood stream. Travels to heart, eyes, airways, etc. which can cause tunnel vision, enhanced focus, faster breathing, etc. Used in epipens for anaphylactic shock. Also triggers release of glucose and fats from temporary storage in the body to prime body to move quickly.

41
Q

What is cortisol and what does it do?

A

Cortisol is a steroid hormone that increases blood glucose levels. Chronically high cortisol created hyperglycemia, low can cause Addison’s Discure. Athletes often dope cortisol.

42
Q

What is a feedback loop?

A

Biological processes in which homeostasis is maintained. For example, how the body alters salt concentration, blood glucose levels, etc.

43
Q

What is the difference between glucagon and insulin?

A

Glucagon is released to prevent blood sugar levels from getting too low (hypoglycemia), and insulin is released to prevent blood sugar levels from getting too high (hyperglycemia).

44
Q

What is a countercurrent heat exchange?

A

When two pipes or blood vessels are arranged directly beside each other, so warm vessels cool down, cool vessels warm up. This is to maintain body temperature.

45
Q

What is the difference between positive and negative feedback loops?

A

Positive feedback loops bring body conditions further from homeostasis, negative feedback loops bring conditions back to homeostasis.

46
Q
A

Grade 12 EDSS (9 decks)

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