MACROMOLECULES

Question 1

Polymerization

Answer 1

monomers join to become polymers
can be identical or different

Question 2

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 2

Adding a monomer to a polymer
small polymer + monomer = Large polymer + water

Question 3

Hydrolysis synthesis

Answer 3

Removing a monomer from polymer (with water)

Question 4

CARBOHYDRATES

Answer 4

• sugars and polymers of sugars
• often end in -use
• Monomer: Monosaccharide: Glucose
• Polymer: Polysaccharide: Glycogen
• Disaccharide (2): Sucrose
  C: H: O = 1: 2: 1

Question 5

Carbohydrate Functions

Answer 5

• the main source of energy for living things
• breakdown of sugars allows the production of ATP
• complex carbohydrates like STARCH
• Animals store glucose as glycogen
• Structural purposes
  Plant: cellulose
  Animal: chitin

Question 6

LIPIDS

Answer 6

• carbon and hydrogen atoms
• No true polymer: Glycerol/Fatty Acid Tails
• No monomer
• Hydrophobic, insoluble

Question 7

Fats/Oils

Answer 7

glycerol and 3 fatty acid chains
“triglycerides”
1g of fat stores 2x energy as 1g of polysaccharide
- adipose cells

Question 8

Unsaturated vs Saturated

Answer 8

Saturated: Straight Legs
Unsaturated: Bent Legs

Question 9

Phospholipids

Answer 9

glycerol with 2 fatty acid chains and a phosphate group
Heads: Hydrophilic
Tails: Hydrophobic
- cell membrane
- amphipathic

Question 10

Steroids

Answer 10

Carbon skeleton including 4 fused rings
- rings: carbon and hydrogen
- Hydrophobic
- Function: mediate physiological reactions, components of plasma membrane

Question 11

NUCLEIC ACIDS

Answer 11

1 Nucleotide contains:
- 5 Carbon sugar
1. De-oxyribose (DNA)
2. Ribose (RNA)
- Phosphate group
- Nitrogen Base (organic compound)
1. Purine: A(damine) or G(uamine)
2. Pyrimidine: T(hymine), C(ytosine), or U(racil)

Question 12

DNA

Answer 12

No Uracil

Question 13

RNA

Answer 13

No Thymine

Question 14

Examples of Nucleotides

Answer 14

dAMP- de-oxyribose, adamine, mono, phosphate
dCMP- de-oxyribose, cytosine, mono, phosphate
UMP- ribose, uracil, mono, phosphate

Question 15

Nucleic Acid functions

Answer 15

-store, transmit, and express hereditary information
- primary structure of proteins
- monomers: nucleotides
DNA = negative bc of a phosphate group (PO-3)
-Histone proteins are positively charged proteins that counteract negative phosphate group

Question 16

PROTEINS

Answer 16

• 50 of the dry mass of most cells is protein
  N, O, C, H
• unbranched polymers constructed from the same set of 20 amino acids
• Polypeptide (protein): polymers of amino acids (monomers)

Question 17

Peptide Bond

Answer 17

Covalent bond, resulting from the dehydration reaction of amino acids

Question 18

Amino Acids

Answer 18

monomer
- diff properties: non-polar, polar, negative and positive

Question 19

Protein functions: Enzymes and Defense

Answer 19

Enzymes: Speed up chemical reactions, all enzymes are proteins but not all proteins are enzymes.

Defense: antibodies

Question 20

Protein functions: Storage and Transport

Answer 20

Storage: ovalbumin
Transport: Hemoglobin

Question 21

Protein functions: Movement, Structure, and Communication

Answer 21

Movement: Mator proteins/muscle contraction
Structure: Keratin
Communication: Neurotransmitter receptors

Question 22

Protein Folding: 4 levels of organization

Answer 22

1 - Primary: linear amino acid sequence
2 - Secondary: amino acids with a chain, twisted/folded due to H bonds in the primary chain backbone
3 - Tertiary: the overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interactions between side chains
4 - Qarternary: Proteins with more than 1 chain have a specific arrangement

Question 23

Protein Shape and Function

Answer 23

• a slight change in primary structure will change the function of the protein
• structure depends on physical and chemical change

Question 24

Denaturation

Answer 24

• protein is unraveled/destroyed, losing its shape
  caused by: pH, salt conc. , temp

Question 25

Activation Energy

Answer 25

The energy required to get a reaction started

Question 26

Catalysts

Answer 26

Lowers the activation energy to make a reaction faster