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Biology 1 > Macromolecules > Flashcards

Macromolecules Flashcards

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1
Q

What are polymers?

A

Huge macromolecules.

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2
Q

What are macromolecules made of (and how are these components linked)?

A

They are made of monomers, linked together with covalent bonds.

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3
Q

What are the important characteristics of a dehydration synthesis (description/how is it carried out/process/energy)?

A

They are (polymers) assembly reactions. Growth and repair. Carried out by enzymess. One water molecule is removed. When 2 monomers are joined, one loses hydroxil, the other loses H. Requires energy to be completed.

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4
Q

What are the important characteristics of a hydrolysis reaction (description/how is it carried out/process/energy)?

A

Disassembling polymers. Digestion/providing molecules that can enter cells. Covalent bonds are broken with water addition. Energy is released.

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5
Q

What is the C/H/O ratio of carbohydrates (and the empirical formula)?

A

1C:2H:1O ratio. Empirical formula is (CH_2O)_n

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6
Q

What groups does each carbohydrate have?

A

A carbonyl group and multiple hydroxil groups.

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7
Q

What are carbohydrates used for and what is the process when absorbing them?

A

Used for energy storage… breaking H-C bonds releases energy.

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8
Q

What are the three carbohydrates types?

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides.

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9
Q

What are the different types of monosaccharides and their utilities? (based on number of carbon atoms)

A

3 carbons: used as building blocks
5 carbons: components of nucleic acids
6 carbons: energy storage molecules. Empirical formula is C6H12O6 (glucose, which has 7 energy storing C-H bonds).

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10
Q

What are disaccharides and how are they linked together (precise bond name… what is in this form in which situation)?

A

They are double sugars that consist of 2 monosaccharides linked by a covalent bond called GLYCOSIDIC LINKAGE. Sugars are in this form when transformed by plants. Less readily broken down.

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11
Q

What are polysaccharides (and what process linked them together)?

A

Macromolecules made from a few 100 to a few 1000 monosaccharides linked together by dehydration synthesis.

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12
Q

What are the two types of polysaccharides?

A

Storage polysaccharides and structural polysaccharides.

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13
Q

What do animal and plant cells store energy in (different for each)?

A

Animal: glycogen.
Plants: starches.

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14
Q

What are the two types of starches and their characteristics?

A

Amylose: simplest structure. Unbranched chains. Coil up in water.
Amylopectin: more complicated variant of amylose. Branched form.

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15
Q

What is the structural polysaccharide for plant cells (and many algae) and its properties?

A

Cellulose. Polymer of beta-glucose. Makes tough fibres. Chief component of plant cell walls. Similar to amylose but cannot be broken down by cellulose.

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16
Q

What is the structural polysaccharide for anthropods (spiders, insects, etc), fungi (and very few algae)?

A

Chitin, which is a modified form of cellulose.

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17
Q

What is the structural polysaccharide for bacteria cells (and its principal characteristics)?

A

Peptidoglycan. Gives bacterial cell walls strength and firmness. Most complex polysaccharide with few amino groups attached.

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18
Q

What are lipids characterized by?

A

High proportion of C-H bonds. Not dissolved in water.

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19
Q

What are the 5 lipid categories?

A

Neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids, terpenes, waxes.

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20
Q

What do neutrall fats consist of?

A

1 molecule of glycerol and 1 to 3 molecules of fatty acid (many kinds of fatty acids).

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21
Q

What are neutral fats used for?

A

Energy storage (too much glucose stored for a long time gets converted into fat). Used also for insulation against cold/nerve cells and protection of internal organs.

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22
Q

What are the three types of neutral fats?

A

Monoglyceride (one molecule of glycerol and one fatty acid). Diglyceride (one molecule of glycerol and two fatty acids). Triglyceride (one molecule of glycerol and three fatty acids).

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23
Q

How are triglyceride molecules linked together (specific name)?

A

With ester linkages.

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24
Q

What are the two types of fatty acids?

A

Saturated fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids.

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25
Q

What are the characteristics of saturated fatty acids?

A

No double bonds. Type of fatty acids for animall cells. Solid at room temp.

26
Q

What are the characteristics of unsaturated fatty acids?

A

One or more double bond. Have a kink where double bond occurs. Plant fats (oil) generally unsaturated. Liquid at room temp.

27
Q

What are phospholipids (two characteristics + composition)?

A

Type of lipids that are the major constituent of cell membranes. Simillar molecules to neutral fats. However, 1 phosphate molecule and 2 molecules of fatty acids.

28
Q

How do phospholipids interact with water?

A

They do not dissolve. Water only interacts with hydrophilic heads. Hence, the hydrophobic tails are driven together.

29
Q

What do phospholipids form when in contact with water?

A

Micelles (heads face water and short tails face each other) and phospholipid bilayers (basis of biological membranes, long tails).

30
Q

How do phospholipid energy form (also energy)?

A

They form when 2 sheets of phospholipid molecules align. Hydrophilic heads of each layer face the solution and hydrophobic tails face each other.
They form spontaneously (no energy input required).

31
Q

What are steroids?

A

Family of lipids distinguished by the bulky four ring structure (some are short chains). There are also side chains next to the four ring structure.

32
Q

Give steroid examples with what “domain” they are related to.

A

Hormones: growth hormones. Sex hormones: testosterone, estrogen, progesterone. Digestion: cholic acid, cortisol. Cell membranes: cholesterol.

33
Q

What are terpenes?

A

Long chain lipids composed of many biologically important pigments. Ex. chlorophyll.

34
Q

What are waxes (not the characteristics)?

A

Type of lipids.

35
Q

What are waxes characteristics?

A
  • Solid at room temperature.
  • Highly saturated.
  • Not a food source.
  • Waterproof coatings over plant leaves and stems.
36
Q

Examples of waxes use?

A
  • Bees use it to build honeycombs.

- Animals produce waxes as waterproofing (fur).

37
Q

What are nucleic acids (general info)?

A

Storage and transfer of genetic info.

38
Q

What are the two types of nucleic acids?

A

DNA: deoxyribose nucleic acid
RNA: ribose nucleic acid.

39
Q

What monomers make up nucleic acid and what are they made of?

A

Nucleotides. Made up of phosphate group (P), 5-carbon sugar (S), and nitrogenous base (B).

40
Q

How do nucleic acid polymers form (include name of bond)?

A

Phosphate group of one nucleotide binds to hydroxyl group from the pentose sugar of another releasing water. It forms a phosphodiester bond.

41
Q

What are the 2 types of nitrogenous bases (and physical characteristics of each)?

A

Pyrimidines: smaller single ring molecule
Purines: large double ring molecules.

42
Q

What are the nitrogenous bases of DNA and RNA?

A

DNA: adenine (A), Guanine (G), cytosine (C), thymine (T)
RNA: adenine (A), Guanine (G), cytosine (C), uracil (U)

43
Q

Give a physical difference of DNA vs RNA

A

DNA is a DOUBLE stranded molecule double helix, while RNA consists of a single strand.

44
Q

What is the “complementary base pairing” for DNA?

A

A and T always line up together. Same thing for C and G.

45
Q

What are the bonding sites of each base pair?

A

A+T: 2 hydrogen bonding sites

C+G 3 hydrogen bonding sites

46
Q

What is the assembly of bases?

A 
P                              P
S-----A-------T----------S
P                              P
S----G-------C----------S
P                              P
S-----C------G----------S
P                              P
S-----T-------A----------S
47
Q

What are some other nucleotides?

A

ATP (primary energy currency of the cell)

NAD+ and FAD electron carriers

48
Q

What are proteins (diversity and type of molecules)?

A

Most diverse type of macromolecules

49
Q

What are protein functions (7)?

A

Enzyme catalysts: catalyze chem reactions
Defense: globular proteins for immune system/body endocrine
Transport: transport small molecules and ions
Support: fibrous protetins for structural role
Motion: fibrous proteins for cell and muscle movement
Regulation: hormones that serve messenger+ turning genes on/off
Storage: storage of calcium/iron by binding ions to storage proteins

50
Q

What are proteins made of (monomer)?

A

Amino acids

51
Q

How many amino acids make most proteins and what is their skeleton?

A

20 amino acids. Skeleton: amino group, carboxyl group, side chain (R, which influences properties)

52
Q

How are amino acids linked?

A

Through dehydration synthesis with covalent bonds called peptide bonds.

53
Q

What are peptides and dipeptides?

A

Peptides: molecules made of amino acids held together by peptide bonds.

Dipeptides: TYPE OF PEPTIDES: ONLY TWO amino acids. Can be split by hyrdolysis.

54
Q

What are polypeptides?

A

Long chains of amino acids that make proteins (more than one chain).

55
Q

How many levels of protein structure are there and what are they?

A

Four. Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary.

56
Q

What is the primary structure?

A

Sequence of amino acids along length of single polypeptide

57
Q

What is the secondary structure?

A

Results from bonds formed between atoms at different parts of the polypeptide chain. May create simple spiral or flat sheet.

58
Q

What is the tertiary structure?

A

Coiling and folding gives 3D shape

Results from interactions between polypeptides chain and surrounding water molecules

59
Q

What is the quaternary structure?

A

Results from interactions between indivual polypeptide chains.

Hemoglobin: 4 polypeptide subunits
Keratin and collagen: three polypeptide subunits

60
Q

How does information pass (one direction)

A

DNA –> RNA (transcription)

RNA –>Protein (translation)

61
Q

Differences DNA vs RNA

A

Sugar: deoxyribose for DNA and ribose for RNA
Single strand for RNA and double strand helix for DNA
Last nitrogenous base: thymine for DNA and uracil for RNA

Biology 1 (13 decks)

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