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Biology 1 > Cell Theory > Flashcards

Cell Theory Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three components of cell theory?

A

1: All living things are made of one or more cells. Heredity/metabolism occur within these cells.
2: The cell is the smallest living unit of structure and function of all organisms.
3: Cells only arise by division of preexisting cells.

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2
Q

Which domain is associated with the following?
Decompose and produce.
Help with digestion in human intestines.
Pharmaceuticals.

A

Bacteria.

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3
Q

What type(s) of cells have a nucleus?

A

Eukaryotic only.

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4
Q

What enables the movement of cells and structures within the cell?

A

Cytoskeleton

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5
Q

Proteins may be secreted outside the cell. Where are they produced (precisely)?

A

In the rough endoplasmic reticulum.

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6
Q

What is the name of the kingdom of the protists?

A

Kingdom protista

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7
Q

Cells of what domain have a plasma membrane of nonfatty acids?

A

Archaea.

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8
Q

What system connects the organelles’ membranes (directly or through vesicle transport)?

A

Endomembrane system.

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9
Q 
To what structure do the following characteristics refer to?
Found in some organelles.
Made of RNA.
Produce proteins.
Made of protein.

Hint: McDO

A

Ribosomes

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10
Q

Are organelles and a membrane-bound nucleus unique to eukaryotic cells?

A

Yes.

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11
Q

Which domain is known for organisms that live in unique conditions?

A

Archaea.

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12
Q

What regions of the cell are membrane-bounded and have a specific function?

A

Organelles

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13
Q

Prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus. They have a _____?

A

Nucleoid

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14
Q

What cell structures are part of the endomembrane system (may be others)?

A
  • Endoplasmic reticulum.
  • Golgi apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Lipid droplets
  • Microbodies
  • Vacuoles
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15
Q

Describe transport within the endomembrane system.

A
  • mRNA exits the nucleus.
  • Protein is formed in the endoplasmic reticulum.
  • Sent toward the Golgi apparatus (packaging) in transport vesicles.
  • They come out of the Golgi apparatus (after being modified and prepared to be sent out) in scretory vesicles to be sent out of the cell.
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16
Q

What are microfilaments made of?

A

Actin

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17
Q

What are intermediate filaments made of?

A

Vimentin or keratin

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18
Q

What are microtubules made of?

A

Tubulin

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19
Q

What are the cytoskeletal components?

A

Microtubules, intermediate filaments, and microfilaments

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20
Q

What do chloroplasts contain?

A

DNA, ribosomes, grana, and stroma.

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21
Q

Do cilia and flagella have internal structures?

A

Yes

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22
Q

Rank the cytoskeletal components in size order:

A

micro (or actin) filaments < intermediate filaments < microtubules

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23
Q

What are lysosomes?

A

Membrane bound vesicles that contain digestive enzymes, which breakdown nucleic acids, lipids, and carbs (digestive acids+ breakdown nutrients).

24
Q

Where are lysosomes originated from?

A

From the Golgi apparatus.

25
Q

Name a function of the lysosomes (other than to digest nutrients)

A

Digesting cells all or part of cells that are damaged. Material is recycled.

26
Q

What forms the internal structure of cilia and flagella?

A

Microtubules

27
Q

How are microtubules arranged to form the internal structure of cilia and flagella?

A

In a 9+2 arrangement.

28
Q

What are the functions of the microfilaments

A

Maintenance of cell shape
Muscle contraction
Changes in cell shape

29
Q

What are the functions of the intermediate filaments?

A

Maintenance of cell shape
Anchorage of nucleus and other organelles
Cell junctions

30
Q

What are the functions of the microtubules?

A

Cell movement
Cell division
Organelle movements

31
Q

What is the nucleolus. Is there only one per cell?

A

Dark staining zone within the nucleus. Most cells have two or more.

32
Q

What are the functions of the nucleolus?

A

Direct the synthesis of RNA. Form ribosomes (site of prots synthesis).

33
Q

What are ribosomes (what are they attached to and what is it)?

A

Molecular assemblies. Attached to outer surface of rough endoplasmic reticulum OR free in cytoplasm. Site in cell where proteins are assembled.

34
Q

What are lipid droplets?

A

Organelles that have a different structure from rest of endomembrane system.

35
Q

What are lipid droplets functions?

A

Form storage deposits used for energy metabolism and to form membranes.
Secondary site of lipid synthesis (primary is smooth endoplasmic reticulum).

36
Q

What are microbodies (and what do they include)?

A

Vesicles containing enzymes

Include peroxisomes and glyoxysomes.

37
Q

What are peroxisomes and where are they formed?

A

Globular organelles bound by a single membrane. They originate in the endoplasmic reticulum.

38
Q

What are perixosomes functions?

A

Contain enzymes used to oxidize FATTY ACIDS.

Produce hydrogen peroxide (which has to be separated from cytoplasm)

39
Q

What are glyoxisomes?

A

Specialized peroxisomes in plants. Packed with enzymes that oxidize fats.

40
Q

What are vacuoles?

A

Hollow spherical organelles

41
Q

What is the central vacuole?

A

Large vacuole in plants. Surrounded by membrane called tonoplast.

42
Q

What are the functions of the central vacuole?

A

Help maintain cell tonicity. Allow cell to expand and contract. Involved in cell growth.

43
Q

What is the contractile vacuole?

A

Vacuole in protists.

44
Q

What are the functions of the contractile vacuole?

A

Pump water in/out of cell. Maintain water balance. Storage. Segregate toxic material from rest of cytoplasm.

45
Q

What is the centrosome?

A

Region near nucleus where microtubules are assembled. Also region around centrioles in animal cells.

46
Q

What are centrioles?

A

Barrel shaped organelles. Assembled before cell division.

47
Q

What are the functions of the centrioles?

A

Organise microtubules to move chromosomes during cell division.

48
Q

In which kingdoms do we find centrioles and in which do we not but still find a centrosome?

A

They are found in most protists and animal cells.

Plants and fungi lack centrioles but still have a centrosome.

49
Q

Why are cell so smalls?

A

Because it allows for a greater surface area to volume ratio. This, in turn, allows for better outside communication.

50
Q

What is the cell wall of bacteria made of?

A

Peptidoglycan

51
Q

What are the functions of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Synthesize lipids and steroid hormones. Store calcium. Make foreign substances less toxic.

52
Q

What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum responsible for?

A

Protein synthesis. Then ships it to Golgi apparatus.

53
Q

How is the Mitochondria the Powerhouse of the cell?

A

It makes energy in the form of ATP from food (glucose).

54
Q

What is the biggest difference between kingdom bacteria and archaea cells?

A

Cells from kingdom Archaea don’t have a cell wall made of peptidoglycan.

55
Q

How big are most prokaryotic cells?

A

1-10 micrometers

56
Q

How big are most eukaryotic cells?

A

10-100 micrometers

Biology 1 (13 decks)

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