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Nutrition > Macro + Micronutrients > Flashcards

Macro + Micronutrients Flashcards

1
Q

Nutrients

categories + general neeeds + function

A

Categories 🡢 water, carbs, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins

Relative needs:
- 2/3 part water + 1/3 DM 🡢 energy wielding = 50-80% of DM
- proteins + fats 🡢 variable
- minerals 🡢 2-3%
- vitamins 🡢 0.2-0.3%

Functions:
- energy supply
- structural components
- temp control
- for chemical reactions
- transport of substances

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2
Q

Water

Sources, Function, Requirement

A

Sources 🡢 ingested (env.) + metabolic
- metabolic 🡢 10-16ml/100kcal of ME & 5-10% of water requirment

40-80% of total body mass
- Lean = more body water vs. obese = less body water
- water requirements lower with age

10% water loss 🡢 illness
15-20% water loss 🡢 death within days

Functions:
- solvent 🡢 transport of substances
- chemical reactions 🡢 hydrolysis
- thermoregulation
- structural 🡢 shape + constituent of body fluids

Water intake 🡢 dry foods v moist/wet food
Water loss 🡢 urination. defacation, evaporation, perspiration

daily water req. (mL/day) ~ daily energy req. (kCal/day)

Water intoxication 🡢 hemodilution, hyponatremia, edema in brain
cats form more concentrated urine than dogs

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3
Q

Quality of Water

A

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) 🡢 general indicator of quality of water
- < 5000 ppm TDS acceptable for livetsock
- < 500 ppm TDS acceptable for humans + pets
- > 7000 ppm TDS not acceptable

Factors affecting quality:
- mineral content 🡢 less concerns in domestics
- nitrates/nitrites 🡢 toxic in dogs + cats
- bacterial contamination

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4
Q

Carbohydrates

Types, Requirement, Uses

A

Types:
- monosaccharides 🡢 trioses, pentoses, hexoses
- disaccharides 🡢 lactose (mammals), sucrose (plants)
- oligosaccharides
- polysacchardies 🡢 digestibles starches (plants) + glycogen (animals) v nondigestible fibers

no absolute dietary requirement
needs vary over time 🡢 growth, gestation, lactation

glucose needed in body to maintain TCA cycle + energy source for CNS + blood cells

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5
Q

Carbohydrates

Digestion + Metabolism + Excretion

A

Digestion:
- dogs + cats lact salivary a-amylase
- primarily digested in SI by pancreatic amylase + enzymes in brush border of intestinal mucosa (maltase, sucrase, lactase)
- gelitinization of starches 🡩 digestibility 🡢 30-35% of DM in commercial pet foods

Metabolism:
- glycolysis + TCA cycle
- provide chemical energy 🡢ATP or GTP
- metabolic byproducts 🡢 non-essential AA, glycoproteins, lactose, vitamin C
- endogenous energy stores 🡢 glycogen, fat

Excretion:
- 6CO2 + 6H20 + heat (aerobic)
- flatus 🡢 bacterial fermentation

Animals with deranged carb metabolism 🡢 elevated plasma or urine of sugars + metabolites
- DM 🡢 high glucose + ketones

Unabsorbed carbs in lumen:
- high osmotic pressure 🡢 reduces water + mineral absorption
- abdominal distension + diarrhea
- bacterial overgrowth
- overproduction of gas d/t bacterial fermentation

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6
Q

Carbs of special importance in Vet Med

A

Xylose 🡢 used in dogs to test absorption
Lactulose 🡢 prebiotics + laxative
Glycosaminoglycans 🡢 dietary supplements for joints
Oligosaccharides 🡢 prebiotics
Resistant Starches 🡢 dietary fibers (can help with glycemix index + improve bowel health)

excess fiber can 🡣 nutrient index + 🡣 mineral absorption

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7
Q

Proteins + Amino Acids

Types, Requirements, Uses, Considerations

A

Amino acids = carboxyl (COOH) + a-amino (NH2) + 20 AA
Peptide bonds 🡢 dipeptides, tripeptides, polypetides

Essential v non-essential AA
- glutamine is the only conditinally essential AA

Requirements 🡢 specific requirements based on individual
- Dogs : puppy = 18% v adult = 8% of DM
- Cats : kitten = 18% v adult = 16% pf DM

Amino Acids needed for:
- structural components 🡢 collegens, elastins, keratins
- functional units 🡢 muscle, enzymes, immunoglobulins, protein hormones, etc.
- precursors 🡢 nitrogen, energy

Considerations
- amount of food consumed 🡢 meet specific energy requirements 🡢 small amount / high protein + calory v large amount / low protein + calorie)
- maintenence protein requirement 🡢 dietary protein that must be consumbed to replace obligatory N loss
- imbalance 🡢 1+ aa needed but not available but at least another aa is provided in excess
- antagonism 🡢 aa with similar chemical structure

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8
Q

Protein Quality

A
  • refers to efficiency of converting aa 🡢 tissues
  • dependent on source, concentration + availability of essential aa

High v Low Quality
- protein sources with optimal proportions of ALL essential AA
- protein sources that lack 1+ essential essential AA
- imabalance +/- antagonism of AA 🡢 lower protein quality
- processing 🡢 lower digestibility 🡢 lower quality protein
- animals v plant sources

Improving quality:
- proteins complementation 🡢 combining protein sources
- aa supplementation

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9
Q

Protein + Amino Acids

Digestion, Absorption, Metabolism, Storage, Excretion

A

involves chemical + enzymatic digestion

Digestive tract:
- stomach 🡢 pepsin + HCl 🡢 large polypeptides
- SI 🡢 peptidases

Fate of AA:
- tissue protein synthesis 🡢 actin, myosin, hormone receptors, etc.
- biosynthetic pathway
- deamination 🡢 carbon skeleton 🡢 energy

Storage:
- not stored to same degree as sugars + fats
- muscle + liver protein + serum albumin

Excretion:
- AA catabolism produces N waste 🡢 if not used for purines + pyramidines
- NH3 🡢 urea (via urea cycle) 🡢 urine excretion

Unabosrbed AA or small peptides
- substrate for bacterial fermentation
- 🡩 fecal odor

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10
Q

Amino Acids of Special Importance in Vet Med

A

Taurine 🡢 essential for cats / non-essential for dogs
- not incorporated in protein 🡢 free AA in animal tissue
Functions:
- aids in absorption of dietary fats 🡢 cats only conjugate taurine to bile acid
- NT + neuromodulator in CNS 🡢 body temp control + brain dev.
- heart + retina maintence 🡢 deficiency linked to central retinal degeneration + DCM
- repro

Arginine 🡢 essential in domestics
- key intermediate in urea cycle 🡢 detoxifies N waste
- cats sensitive to deficiency

Glutamine/Glutamate 🡢 conditionally essential in domestics
- key role in 🡢 TCA cycle, generation of NADPH + GABA, antioxidant glutathione

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11
Q

Minerals

Requirements, Uses, Considerations, Absorption

A
  • inorganic elements of food

Macrominerals : % VS microminerals (trace) : ppm
- ~ 18 essential elements 🡢 7 macros + 11 trace

General requirement 🡢 2-3% of DM

Uses:
- structural components of organs + tissues 🡢 Ca, P, Mg
- constituents of body fluids (electrolytes) 🡢 osmotic pressure, AB balance, muscle contraction
- reaction catalysts/co-factor 🡢 enzymes, proteins

Considerations:
- excess or defficiencies
- needs vary over time 🡢 demographic, homeostatic mechanisms
- dietary components 🡢 dietary fibers interfere with absorption of minerals
- mineral interactions 🡢 synergistic v antagonistic

antagonistic minerals:
- share same tranpsport channels
- interfering with storage
- competing for transport protein

Absorption:
- intestinal mucosa 🡢 transporter system = transcellular + paracellular

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12
Q

Factors Influencing Mineral Availability

A

1) Chemical form 🡢 influences solubility
- organic > inorganic forms
- meat-derived > plant-derived
- sulfate/chloride form > carbonates > oxides

2) amount/proportions of other dietary components 🡢 antagonistic interactions
3) age, gender, species
4) intake of mineral + need
5) env. factors 🡢 presence of non-nutritional factors

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13
Q

Calcium

Function, Deficiency, Excess

A

Major Functions:
- bones
- muscle function
- nerve conduction

Deficiency:
- 🡣 in growth, appetite, bone mineralization
- tetany
- convulsions

Excess:
- 🡣 feed efficiency
- urinary calculi

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14
Q

Phosphorus

Function, Deficiency, Excess

A

Major Function:
- bones
- nucleic acids
- phospholipids
- metabolism of sugars, proteins, fats

Deficiency:
- pica
- 🡣 in growth, apetite, bone mineraization

Excess:
- calcification of soft tissues
- urinary calculi

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15
Q

Potassium

Function, Deficiency, Excess

A

most abundant IC cation

Major Functions:
- muscle contractions
- nerve conduction
- AB balance
- osmotic pressure

Deficiency:
- locomotive problems
- muscle weakness
- heart failure

Excess:
- paresis
- bradycardia

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16
Q

Sodium + Chloride

Function, Deficiency, Excess

A

most abundant EC cation + anion

Major Functions:
- osmotic pressure
- AB balance
- nerve conduction
- muscle contraction
- nutrient absorption

Deficiency:
- water imbalance
- fatigue
- anorexia

Excess:
- thirst
- constipation
- seizures

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17
Q

Magnesium

Function, Deficiency, Excess

A

Major Functions:
- component of bones
- component of ICF
- NM transmission
- enzyme function

Deficiency:
- retarded growth
- 🡣 bone mineralization
- muscle weakness
- tetany
- convulsions
- anorexia
- vomiting

Excess
- bladder stones
- flaccid paralysis

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18
Q

Iron

Function, Deficiency, Excess

A

Major Functions:
- oxygen transport

Deficiency:
- anemia

Excess:
- hepatic dysfunction
- hemosiderosis

19
Q

Iodine

Function, Deficiency, Excess

A

Major Functions:
- T3 + T4

Deficiency:
- goiter (enlarged thyroid)
- lethargy

Excess:
- goiter
- fever

20
Q

Zinc

Function, Deficiency, Excess

A

Major functions:
- constituent/activator of >200 metabolic enzymes
- nucleic acid/carb metabolism
- protein synthesis
- growth
- repro

Deficiency:
- 🡣 growth
- impaired repro
- anorexia

Excess: (relatively non-toxic)
- vomit
- diarrhea
- 🡣 appetite

21
Q

Grass tetany

aka grass staggers

A

Horses + Ruminants

rapidly growing grasses tend to be RICH in K + very LOW in Mg/Ca

clinical signs thought to be d/t low Mg 🡢 Mg supplement is mainstay of treatment

22
Q

Big Head

aka Nutrtional Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

A

excessive bran in diet 🡢 high in K, low in Ca

low levels of serum calcium stimulate PTH 🡢 induces osteoclast-mediated resorption of bone
bone replaced by copious fibrous tissue

23
Q

Goiter

A

domestics
most commonly d/t iodine defficiency
- low iodine in diet
- ingestion of goitrogenic substance

insufficient iodine 🡣 ability of thyroid to make hormones
with 🡣 circulating TH, pituitary secretes more TSH
causes hyperpplasia of TG 🡢 development of goiter

goiter is not synonymous with hypothyroidism

24
Q

Hemosiderosis

A

anemia is common in newborn piglets d/t
- low iron reserve
- low iron in colustrum
- insufficient contact with dirt

why piglets get iron injections

25
Q

Copper Storage Disease

A

hepathopathy of bedlington terriers 🡢 30-60% affected

caused by mutation in COMMD1 gene that affects copper excretion in liver

26
Q

Copper Toxicity

A

many factors that alter Copper metabolism influence chronic copper poisoning by 🡩 absorption/retention of copper

Ex. 🡢 low levels of molybdenum or sulfate in diet

toxicosis remains subclinical until copper is stored in liver is released in massive amounts

blood [copper] 🡩 suddenly 🡢 lipid peroxidation + intravascular hemolysis

sheep most sensitive

27
Q

Vitamins

A

Defined by physical + physiologic characteristics:
1) organic substances that aren’t lipis, CHOs, proteins
2) dietary component
3) essential for normal phys. function
4) not produced in sufficient quantities to support phys. function
5) deficiency syndrome

not all vitamins are essential for all species

Vitamers 🡢 chemically same/related compound as vitamin, may exert diff. effect
Provitamin 🡢 vitamin precursor that requires activation

classification 🡢 water-soluble v fat-soluble

Requirements 🡢 0.2-0.3% of DM

Needs in body:
- enzymes co-factors 🡢 B
- roles in DNA synthesis 🡢 folic acid, B12
- metabolism of nutrients 🡢 B
- bone dev. + calcium homeostasis 🡢 D
- eye function 🡢 A
- cell membrane integrity 🡢 E
- blood clotting 🡢 K
- free radical scavenging 🡢 C, E
- nerve impulse transduction 🡢 B

Considerations:
- excess of deficiences 🡢 species differences
- storage of vitamins 🡢 fat-soluble in lipid depots v water soluble has limited storage
- needs vary over time

Factors Affecting Availability:
- disease
- drugs

abx 🡢 decrease Vitamin K

28
Q

Vitamin Interactions

A

One needed for optimal absorption of another
- B6 for B12
- folate for thiamin

One may interfere with absorption/metabolism of another
- E with K
- B6 with niacin
- thiamin with riboflavin

One needed for metabolism of another
- riboflavin for B6 + niacin
- B6 for niacin

One protects against excess catabolism, urinary loss or oxidative destruction of another
- C spares B6
- E spares A
- C spares E

High level of one can obscure diagnosis of deficiency of another
- Folate deficiency obscures B12 deficiency

29
Q

Vitamin A

A

Major Functions:
- component of visual proteins
- spermatogenesis
- bone resorption
- immune function

Deficiency:
- xerophthalmia 🡢 dry conjuctiva
- nyctalopia 🡢 night blindness
- aspermatogenesis 🡢 lack of sperms
- retarded growth

Excess:
- cervical spondylosis (cats)
- slow growth
- anorexia

30
Q
A
31
Q

Vitamin D

A

Major functions:
- Ca + P homeostasis
- bone mineralization
- insulin synthesis

Deficiency:
- rickets
- osteoporosis

Excess:
- hypercalemia

32
Q

Vitamin E

A

Major Function:
- antioxidant
- free radical scavenger

Deficiency:
- sterility (males)
- myopathy

Excess:
- impaired bone mineralization
- 🡩 clotting time

retained placenta per cara

33
Q

Vitamin K

A

Major functions:
- clotting factor

Deficiency:
- prolonged clotting time
- hemorrhage

Excess:
- minimal toxicity

34
Q

B-Complex Vitamins

A

Function:
- nutrient metabolism
- co-enzymes/co-factors
- purine + DNA synthesis

Deficiency:
- anorexia
- retarded growth
- weight loss

Excess:
- low toxicity

35
Q

Vitamin C

A

Major function:
- enzyme co-factor
- collagen synthesis
- antioxidant

Deficiency:
- NONE 🡢 domestics synthesize their own

Excess:
- NONE in domestics

36
Q

Choline

A

vitamine-like + conditionally essential

Major Function:
- precursos to acetylcholine + phosphatidylcholine

Deficiency:
- 🡣 growth rate
- fatty liver (puppies)

Excess:
- NONE in domestics

37
Q

L-carnitine

A

vitamin-like + conditionally essential

Major functions:
- transports FA to mitochondria

Deficiencies:
- hyperlipidemia
- cardiomyopathy

Excess:
- NONE in domestics

38
Q

Scurvy

A

Vitamin C deficiency 🡢 primates + guinea pigs
- other domestics synthesize it

C needed for hydroxylatin of lysine + proline in regards to collagen synthesis

Result 🡢 multitude of effects d/t 🡣 collagen synthesis capabilities

39
Q

Rickets

A

Vitamin D deficiency 🡢 any species but mostly swine + poultry

wide variety of clinical signs:
- failure of both vascular invasion + mineralizaton in area of provisional calcification of physis
- pathology is most obvious in metaphyses of long bones 🡢 proliferative zone enlarged

40
Q

Metastatic Mineralization

A

Vitamin D excess 🡢 usually d/t ingestion of cholicalciferol-based rodenticides

deposition of calcium salts in otherwise normal tissue

result 🡢 raise calcium
- when serum calcium + phosphate product is > 70mg2/dl2 = mineralization can occur

41
Q

Vitamin K Depletion

A

d/t anticoagulant rodenticides

clotting factors 2,7,9,10 are vit. K dependent
depletion 🡢 inability to clot = hemorraghes

42
Q
A
43
Q

Polioencephalomalacia (PEM)

A

vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency 🡢 any species but mostly ruminants + cats

vitamin B1 intimately involved in metabolism + energy maintenence

neurons are one of most energy-intensive cells 🡢 first to fall in an energy deficit
- Result 🡢 death of neuronal cell bodies

usually not d/t diet defficiency but rather ingestion of thiaminases 🡢 degrade extant thiamine

Ruminans 🡢 bracken fern, horsetail, some bacterial species
Cats 🡢 fish + some shellfish diet exclusive diet can lead to PEM

44
Q
A

Nutrition (10 decks)

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