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Nutrition > Canine + Feline Nutrition > Flashcards

Canine + Feline Nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

AAFCO v NRC

A

AAFCO 🡢 nutrient profiles for commercial pet foods
- growth, repro, maintenance

NRC 🡢 general requirements
- growth, repro, maintenance

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2
Q

Feeding Methods

A
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3
Q

Resting Energy Requirement (RER)

A

energy required to maintain body weight at rest, fasted, in a thermoneutral env.

used as baseline for hosp. pets

RER = 70 x Wt (kg)🡩0.25

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4
Q

Maintenance Energy Requirement (MER)

AKA Daily Energy Requirement (DER)

A

energy needed for normal life activity

Determining MER:
1) Based on current intake (if weight is stable) 🡢 requires accurate history
- ideal = current intake is MER
- underweight = optimal MER is 🡩
- overweight = optimal MER is 🡣
2) calorimetry

MER = (?) x RER
- different coefficients for dogs v cats

more specific recommendations for puppies of certain breeds available

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5
Q

Factors that affect energy needs:

A
  • species
  • genetics
  • activity
  • age
  • sexual status
  • environment
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6
Q

Food Dosage Determination Steps

A

1) determine MER 🡢 based on current intake or calculated
2) select specific food
3) obtain energy density
4) energy req. / energy density = amount to feed

focus on calorie intake not volume of food

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7
Q

Feeding Healthy Dogs

A
  • omnivores
  • evolved as scavengers 🡢 metabolic flexibility
  • can meet most nutrient needs with minimal animal products 🡢 B12 main exception
  • no req. for CHOs for maintenance
  • inclusion of carbs for optimal gestation/lactation
    **
    38 essential nutrients for adult maintenance per AAFCO**
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8
Q

Canine Pregnancy + Lactation

A

🡩 = protein/AAs, fat (omega 3s), Ca, P, Vit. D, CHOs, others.

40 essential nutrients per AAFCO
- 24/38 nutrients are higher for repro per 1000 kcal basis

High risk of clinical issues if nutrient needs not met:
- eclampsia
- small litter size
- 🡩 puppy mortality

Lactation:
- provide adequate calories + lots of water
- feed ad libitum during lactation
- depending on litter size, will need 2-3X maitenance needs (4-8xRER)
- include CHOs

Other considerations:
- optimize BCS prior to breeding
- need CHOs in late gestation
- highly digestible, nutrient-dense diet
- multiple small meals per day OR ad libitum during late gestation

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9
Q

Dog Growth

A

Weaning
- offer puppy food at 3-4 weeks of age 🡢 provides additional nutrients for rapid growth + 🡣 stress on dam
- use growth foods ad libitum
- complete weaning occurs at 6-8 of age for most

🡩 = protein/AAs, fat (PUFAs, omega-3s), Ca, P, Fe, etc.
- 40 essential nuteients per AAFCO
- 24/38 higher

High risk of clinical disease if needs not met:
- stunted growth
- bone fractures/abnormalities
- dev. orthopedic disease

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10
Q

Puppy Energy Needs

A

always feed to maintain BCS 4-5/9
lower energy puppies should be fed lower calorie puppy food

Age:
- < 4 mo = 3 x RER
- 4-12 mo = 2 x RER
- 12 mo = 1.6-1.8xRER

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11
Q

Large Breed Puppies

A

genetically programmed for rapid growth

Avoid:
- overfeeding
- high levels of calcium

Narrower range for Ca relative to smaller puppies + repro/lactation

Feeding:
- select appropriate diet 🡢 match caloric density to needs
- feed measured amount in 2-3 meals daily
- re-adjust as needed to maintain BCS of 4/9 🡢 err on side of slightly underweight
- consider use of growth chart
- do not add supplements containing Ca, P, Vit. D

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12
Q

Developmental Orthopedic Disease

A

multiple skeletal + joint abnormalities seen in growing dogs

Env, diet + genetic factors
- diet factors 🡢 excessive Ca, rapid growth

most common in lg + giant breed puppies

Includes:
- hip dysplasia
- elbow dysplasia
- panosteitis
- angular limb deformities
- osteochondrosis
- hypertrophic osteodystrophy

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13
Q

Adult Dogs

A

for maintenance, focus on calories + feeding diet that meets essential nutrient needs

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14
Q

Senior Dogs

A

aging associated with # of health conditions 🡢 orthopedic dz, 🡣 immune function, muscle loss, +/- organ dysfunction

treat pet NOT age
no AAFCO guidelines for seniors

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15
Q

Muscle Loss in Senior Dogs

A

aging animals lose muscle + gain fat

sarcopenia 🡢 loss of muscle tissue as natural part of aging
cachexia 🡢 muscle wasting d/t severe chronic illness
disuse atrophy 🡢 secondary to ortho dz

🡩 🡢 antioxidants, calories (?), proteins/AA (?) Omega-3s (?), medium chain triglycerides (?)
🡣 🡢 calories (?), protein (?), phosphrous, sodium

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16
Q

Should geriatric dogs receivess less protein?

A

high protein intake NOT shown to contribute to dev. of renal dz in healthy animals

after kidneys are impared, high protein intake may play role in dz by 🡩 uremic eps + exacerbating proteinuria

feeding high quality protein can help maintain lean mass without having to provide excess proteins

17
Q

Cat Feeding Behavior

A
  • select for fat, peptidesm AA +/- higher moisture
  • avoid bitter, can’t taste sweet
  • strong texture preferences
  • naturally eat many small meals
18
Q

Cat Physiology + Nutrient Requirements

A

Fat
- cats tolerate quite high amounts of dietary fat
- high palatability + energy density
- lack enzyme activity for adding double bonds to create essential FAs such as arachiodonic acid + EPA

Protein
- high protein needs than most domestics 🡢 N + AAs
- can adapt to wide range of protein intakes
- require taurine + arginine

Carbs
- no requirement at any stage
- natural diet of prey is low in carbs
- minimal glycogen storage, active gluconeogenesis
- can digest + metabolize glucose from dietary CHO 🡢 have pancreatic amylase + intestinal disaccharades, minimal hepatic glucokinase, lack fructokinase
- dietary carb can be used as an energy source if protein/fat needs met

42 essential nutrients for adult maintenance per AAFCO

19
Q

Feline Micronutrient needs

A

can’t make certain vitamins that are common in prey

20
Q

Feline Gestation

A

Pre-breeding + Gestation
- optimize BCS prior to breeding
- feed diet for repro, growth or all life stages from time of breeding
- queen gain weight linearly thruoughut but greatest in last 1/3 of gestation (day 42+)

Gestation energy needs:
- 1.6x at breeding w/ gradual 🡩 to 2x at parturition
- avoid excessive gain
- feed free choice or multiple small meals in late gestation

21
Q

Feline Lactation

A
  • most cats consume placentas 🡢 may not eat for 1-2 days after parturition
  • queens tend to lose weight during lactation
  • feed diet labeled for repro 🡢 high energy density
  • 🡩 meal freq or feed ad lib
  • offer kittens food by 3-4 weeks

needs vary with litter size
lactation lasts up to 9 weeks

22
Q

Nutritional Factors for
Feline Gestation + Lactation

A

🡩 🡢 water, protein/AAs, fat, Ca, P, Mg, etc

44 essential nutrients per AAFCO for repro
- 19/42 higher

High risk of clinical issues if nutrients not met:
- small litter size
- 🡩 kitten mortality

23
Q

Kitten Growth

A
  • kitten should gain 50-100 g/week
  • introduce repro/growth food at 3 weeks
  • fully weaqned by 8-10 weeks
  • free choice or meal feed (>3) until castration 🡢 monitor BCS
  • energy needs ~2.5 x RER

🡩 🡢 proteins/AAs, fat, Ca, P, Mg, etc

44 essential nutrients for growth per AAFCO
- 19/42 higher

High risk of clinical issues if nutrients not met:
- poor growth
- bone abnormalities

24
Q

Feeding Older kittens

A
  • neuter/spay 🡣 energy needs + 🡩 food intake
  • switch to measured meal feedings 🡢 have O monitor BCS
  • reduce 20-30% of calories after surgery 🡢 switch to lower calorie diet if needed
  • switch to adult food at 12 mo if desired
25
Q

Adult Cats + Energy Maintenance

A
  • less variation in needs that for dogs
  • focus on maintaining appropriate weight + dz prevention

Nutritional factors = water, protein/AAs (+ taurine), essential micronutrients, calories

sexually intact 🡢 MER/DER = 1.2-1.4x RER
neutered 🡢 MER/DER = 1.0-1.2 x RER

26
Q

Senior Cats

A
  • no consensus on what makes a cat “senior” 🡢 no AAFCO guidelines
  • health problems associated with aging common in teens
  • individual variation
  • commercial products vary widely

Energy Needs:
- weight loss very common in mid-late teens
- freq. underweight w/ muscle wasting 🡢 sarcopenia v cachexia
- geriatric cats can have 🡣 digestive efficiency
- may need higher calorie, more highly digestible diets

🡩 = antioxidants, calories, proteins/AAs (?), omega-3s, digestibility
🡣 = protein (?), P, Na

Nutrition (10 decks)

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