M6S4: Echanced Vunterabilities By Sex, Gender And Sexuality Flashcards
Differential exposure and vulnerability
-gender and sex effect exposure to disease and consequences of them
-affect vulnerability to exposures from social and political contexts and physical environment
-improving the social and political context can reduce exposure to health hazards, reduce vulnerability and reduce inequalities in health care
*refer to goodnotes
Difference in health by sex, gender and sexuality
Biological factors
-hormonal and genetic influences and experiences of going through gender transformative medical procedures can lead to differences in health by sex, gender and sexuality
Social and structural factors
-roles and expected norms of behaviour for different genders and sexual orientations in society may lead to differences in health
-can also include experiences of sexism, homophobia, transphobia and other forms of discrimination, and different levels of access to resources and services
Sex, gender and sexuality based discrimination
Take form of:
-blank discriminatory and prejudicial acts. Ex. Individual who openly transgender and as result refused professional growth and opportunity
-discrimination that works fortify harmful tropes, stereotypes and sense of not belonging ex. “Gay” in an insulting manner or refusing participation of 2SLGBTQIA+ community members in social events and boards
Men -> just over 1 in 10 (11%)
Women -> 2 in 10 (20%)
Non-binary -> just over 4 in 10 (41%)
Sex and gender as determinants of health
-in many parts of world, girls fed less nutritious food than boys, leading to negative long-term effects
-women, girls, non-binary people more likely to experince gender-based violence and sexual abuse
-female genitalia mutilation (FGM) is the surgical alteration of female genitals (formerly known as “female circumcision” which has affected over 200 million women and girls alive today
-1.2 million missing female births may be due to sex-selective abortion or infanticide
Global prevalence of FGM
-has affected over 200 million women and girls globally
-complications include shock, infection, hemorrhaging, long-term urinary retention, infertility, obstructed labour, negative mental and emotional health
*refer to goodnotes
Gender-based health challenges
Mental health
-depression higher among women, girls and among people from sexual and gender diverse groups than among men and boys
Expected gender norms of behaviour
-women and girls in some parts of world more likely to acquire respiratory diseases from cooking with poor ventilation indoors
-men and boys more likely to experince motor vehicular-related injuries and mortality
Key differences between health of women and men
-at least 19 conditions that disportionately and negatively affect women that are specific and related to women’s higher life expectedly or result of gender
Ex.
Alzheimer’s disease
-more common cause of death for females
Iron deficiency
-higher rate of dietary iron deficiency among females, which related to menstruation and dietary iron deficiency
Women’s health issues
-cisgendered women live longer than cisgendered men but face disproportionately higher rates of health problems during their life
-have enormous consequences on individual and their family and society cause of role they play
-health of child depends on health of mom
Biological based health outcomes: hypertension and who more common in
-prevalence tends to decrease as income increased for women, whereas for men tend to fluctuate as income changes, no pattern
-hypertension increases after menopause in women, as protective effects of hormones lost but men experince higher blood pressure after adolescence
-those aged 60 years or older who were using antihypertensive medications, women significantly less likely to have their blood pressure controlled
Effects of changes in social economic status on mental health by gender
-men may be more particularly affected by unemployment and changes in SES
-men who experienced drop in SES 4 times more likely to develop poor mental health like depression than men who had improved SES
-women, no apparent difference between increase and decreases SES
Intersecting factors: Effects of immigration and SES on mental healthy by gender
-men who recent immigrants and low incomes reported lower rates of depression than their middle or high income counterparts, whereas low income recent immigrant women reported higher rates of depression than their middle/higher income counterpartner
*why consider genders
Covid-19, gender and racial intersections
-women of colour disproportionately affected by covid 19 pandemic
-due to historical discrimination and differential access to education and services, and over-representation in high-risk front line occupations
-poverty, marginalization, and other underlying vulnerabilities that exist for some black women before pandemic meant the ability to adapt and thrive during periods of public health lockdowns and economic pressures were limited as onset, thus exacerbating impacts
Gender-based violence (GBV) and sexual abuse
-more common among women and people of diverse sex and gender groups
-50% of women worldwide have been physically abused by intimate parter
-common forms of abuse include physical violence, sexual violence and mental and economic harm
Risks factors that increase risk:
-Low SES
-young age male partner
-gender inequality
-paternalistic cultural norms
-legal structures which act against overall sexual and gender diversity at societal level
Physical assaults verse sexual assaults for men and women over time across Canada
*refer to goodnotes
Violence against women
-societal sexism such as narrow gender stereotypes
-discriminatory laws and lack of political participation or inclusion
-within healthcare system, especially when healthcare services do not cover needs of women
-can occur when care work that they provide goes unpaid or underpaid
-through direct physical, psychological and sexualized violence and abuse
