M4S2 Race And Racism And M4S3 Race And Health

Question 1

Race

Answer 1

-social construct and conceptual categorization based on physical characteristics of people in groups
-some of these physical characteristics can include skin, colour, hair colour, hair texture, and facial and bodily features
-humans as species share 99.9% of their DNA with each other and now widely accepted that race is socially constructed and not biologically based

Question 2

Facts regarding racial categories

Answer 2

-there is greater genetic variability within racial categories than across racial groups
-there are changing conceptions of racial identity over time and location - so racial categories are contextually-based
-historically, racial categorization was used to enforce/reinforce power differentials between groups

Question 3

Ethnicity

Answer 3

A term used to refer to a group of individuals who identity with or belong to a particular cultural group

Question 4

Culture

Answer 4

-refer to customs, beliefs, values, traditions, and knowledge shred by a society or community, which transmitted from generation to generation

Question 5

True or false: race is not a genetic construct

Answer 5

True

Question 6

Evidence for why race is not a genetic construct

Answer 6

-studies show that more within-than between-group variation in “races”
-finding led scholars to conceptualize race as a social construct

Question 7

Race categories people based on

Answer 7

-physical features like skin colour and hair texture and sometimes culture and religion
-race also used among groups of humans as part of system or structure of social hierarchy with human value assigned based on how close one is to whiteness
-idea created by humans, with no basis in biology

Question 8

Racism is the false belief in the superiority of one group of people over another based on race

Question 9

Effects of racism

Answer 9

-unfairly disadvantages some individuals and communities
-unfairly advantages other individuals and communities
-saps strength of the whole society by wasting Human Resources

Question 10

Term racism untimely describes the behaviour of blank (and their levels)

Answer 10

Racial discrimination
Behaviours exist at 3 levels:
-personally-mediated/interpersonal racism (differential assumptions about the abilities, motives an intents of others by “race”. Prejudice and discrimination. Can be intentional or not)
-internalized racism (acceptance by stigmatized “races” of negative messages about our own abilities and intrinsic worth. Ex. Self-devaluation, helplessness, “whites man ice is colder syndrome”
-institutional/systemic racism (results in differential access to goods, services, and opportunities of society by “race”, shown in laws. Ex. Housing (taking indigenous lands), clean environment, medical facilities) (act of doing and not)

Video message: keep saying someone’s better the person will eventually believe that’s the case

Question 11

Racial prejudice

Answer 11

means different assumptions about abilities, motives and intentions of others according to their race

Question 12

Racial discrimination

Answer 12

means differential actions toward others according to their race

Question 13

Personally-mediated/interpersonal racism

Answer 13

-racial prejudice and racial discrimination between one individual or group and another individual or group
-what people think of when they hear “racism”
-can be
-intentionally
-unintentional
-doing specific things
- not doing specific things
-acts of commission
-acts of omission
-maintaining structural barriers
-condoned by societal norms

Question 14

Personally-mediated racism can manifest as…

Answer 14

-lack of respect (poor or no service, failure to communicate options)
-suspicion (shopkeeper’s vigilance, everyday avoidance, including street crossings, purse clutching, standing when there are empty seats on public transport)
-devaluation (surprise at competence, stifling or aspirations)
-dehumanizations (police brutality, sterilization abuse, hate crimes, etc.)
-name calling, bullying on racial grounds, physical acts of violence, hate graffiti, racial jokes)

Question 15

Internalized racism

Answer 15

-messages about one’s intrinsic value and talents that are accepted by members of the stigmatized racial group about themselves
-don’t believe in themselves and don’t believe in those who look like them
-accepting restrictions on ones own full humanity including those on ones range of aspirations, ones ability to make own decisions and ones capacity for permissible self-expression

Internalized racism:
-reflects systems of privilege
-reflects societal values
-erodes individual sense of value
-undermines collective action

Question 16

What’s the white man’s ice is colder syndrome

Answer 16

-saying that represents the idea that black people have been racistly coerced into thinking that white people (including their products and services) are more credible and legitimate

Question 17

Internalized racism manifests as…

Answer 17

-embracing “whiteness” (use of hair straightens and bleaching creams, stratification by skin tone within communities of colour, and “white man;s ice is colder syndrome”
-self-devaluation (using racial slurs as nicknames (not a form of resistance), rejection of ancestral culture and language)
-resignation, helplessness, and hopelessness (dropping out of school, failing to vote, and engaging in risky health practices)
-not applying for things, not putting oneself forward as a leader etc.

Question 18

Institutionalize racism

Answer 18

-used synonymously with systemic or structural racism and type of racism that fixed into organizational or societal structures including rules, regulations, laws and norms
-expressed through discriminatory situations and practices in a multitude of institutional domains including education, political representation, criminal justice, housing, employment, and healthcare
-type of racism exists in all aspects of society, and pervasive yet often subtle
-ultimately interacts with other system s of oppression to influence the distribution of resources like income, wealth, decision-making power, cultural images that are preferences
Can include:
-historical institutional insults
-ongoing structural Barrie’s to participation and support
-inaction In the face of need or exclusion
-exclusionary society norms
-unearned advantage and unearned disadvantage

Question 19

Examples of institutional racism

Answer 19

-manifest as physically through distribution of resources and material goods, and through socially in who has access to power
-material circumstances: inequality within good health care, decent housing, gainful employment, clean environment
Asymmetrical access to power include differential in: access to wealth, organizational networks, information (including own history), voice
-manifested in differential levels of respiration in government and business or control of and positive representation in the media

Question 20

Structural racial segregation and education examples

Answer 20

Residential segregation into parts of a city, state, town (quality of funding in school systems in neighbourhoods where BIPOC (black, indigenous and people of colour) communities live
-city sanitation policies that concentrate environmental hazards disproportionally in communities where black, indigenous and people of colour live
-racial inequalities in education (different supports at different schools)

Question 21

Systemic justice system racism examples

Answer 21

-treatment versus criminalization of drug use
-disproportionately high incarceration rates among black and indigenous verse white individuals
-racist policing
-racial profiling

Question 22

Institutional policy, work, religion and administrative racism examples

Answer 22

-racial injustices in immigration polices
-racial discrimination in manual labour jobs (hiring or not hiring certain people, requiring higher levels of “rule following” for some)
-ignorance of the experince or needs of religious or ethnic minority groups
-requiring administrative hurdles (forms, literacy levels, mailing address, government I.D., English language proficiency,etc) to be eligible or welcome at certain service provision situations

Question 23

Racial equity

Answer 23

-equity manifesto as “just and fair inclusion into a society in which all people can participate, prosper, and reach their full potential”
-someone’s racial identity does not influence how they fare in society

Question 24

Racial inequality

Answer 24

-result from any form of racism but especially racism that embedded in historical, political, cultural, social and economic systems and institutions
-works cumulatively and produce vastly adverse outcomes for black, indigenous, and people of colour in areas such as health, wealth, career, education, infrastructure and civic participation

Question 25

Job discrimination

Answer 25

—in one study, pairs of young, well-groomed, well-spoken men with identical resumes applied for 350 advertised entry level jobs in Wisconsin and two teams were black, 2 white
-in each team, one said he had served an 18-month prison sentence for cocaine possession
-found it was easier for a white male with felony conviction to get a job than a black male with a clean record

Question 26

White supremacy

Answer 26

-system that assumes the practices of whiteness are right way of organizing human life
-people often think of hateful extremists groups like Nazis but also refers to presumed superiority of white racial identities, in support of cultural, political and economic domination of non-white groups
-“if racism and privilege are the symptom -> white supremacy is the disease)

Question 27

Anti-indigenous racism

Answer 27

-originates from and rooted in settler colonialism
-the permanent occupation of a territory and removal of indigenous peopel with the express purpose of building an ethically distinct national community
-includes a history of assimilation , cultural genocide, and myths of Canada “a place of immigrant and settler founding”
-creates social and health inequities for indigenous people

Question 28

Anti-black racism

Answer 28

-targets black people
-includes legacies of colonist, immigration, forced settlements and history of Canadian slavery, common practices and particular laws that result in absence of opportunities and outcomes for black people, as well as general lack of equitable access

Question 29

Pathway to racial health inequity

Answer 29

Colonial and racist ideology (worldwide)
-white supremacy
-settler colonialism
-structural racism

Stereotypes based on race (beliefs)
-often negative, exaggerated beliefs, fixed images or distorted images held by a person, group, political/economic decision maker - is embedded in and reinforced by oppressive power relations

Prejudice (attitudes)
-way of thinking based on stereotypes - is embedded and reinforced by oppressive power relations

Racial discrimination (behaviour)
-actions or inactions made possible implicitly or explicitly by oppressive power relations
-consists of individual behaviours, institutional practices, and societal policies and norms

Racial health inequity (impact)
-inequitable social adn health outcome experiences

Question 30

Racial segregation

Answer 30

-specific example of how racism can affect people’s environments and eventually impact health
-defined as the physical separation of the races by enforced residence in different areas
-imposed by legislation (housing policies), supported by economic institutions, and by the ideology of white supremacy
-in USA, racial segregation emerged aggressively in south and in north, used to ensure white people were not proximity to black people

Question 31

Income and racial segregation

Answer 31

-originals from distinct historical events but continuous today due to modern structural factors that perpetuate those historical injustices
-essentially because institutionalized racism that link between SES and race in Canada and USA
-racial segregation is not problem of concentration or race, but problem related to concentration of social adversity, inequity and injustice

Question 32

Income and racial segregation related to

Answer 32

-differential access to quality education and employment
-conditions that make it challenging for some to adhere to good health
-concentration of poverty and wealth
-differential access to necessary social infrastructure
-differential exposure to environmental toxins
-differential access to health care and quality of care

Question 33

Residential segregation

Answer 33

*refer to goodnotes image

Question 34

Bias and discrimination in health care + causes of these racial disparities

Answer 34

-studies show black peoples with complex medical needs less likely than equally ill white people to be referred to programmes that provide more personalized care
-Ontario human right commission has examined racial disparities in healthcare system in Ontario and have determined number reasons these disparities exist
Causes of the racial disparities:
-socio-economic factors
-under-representation of racialized groups in medical professions
-limitations in communication in health context
-Inaccess to culturally sensitive care
-discrimination in clinic-decision making and its related health outcome disparities

Question 35

Structural racism and individual health

Answer 35

*refer to goodnotes
-redlining one example of structural racism that practice of discriminating in the approval of loan or insurance applications

Question 36

Reasons for health outcome differences between black and white Canadians

Answer 36

-due to things including diverse socioeconomic influences, differential exposures and environments in childhood, and experiences of racism which influence health in short and long term
-different exposures to health promoting environments and supports across the lifespan for people of different groups

Question 37

Connection between race and health outcomes

Answer 37

-prevalence of diabetes among black Canadian adults 2.1 times rate among white Canadians
-40.8% black Canadians aged 18 years and older stated being active or moderately active compared to 54.2% of white Canadians, and level of physical activity directly related to prevalence of many chronic illnesses
-black Canadians also reported positive health behaviours, indicating significantly lower rates of heavy alcohol use and smoking compared to white Canadians

Question 38

What does non Hispanic mean

Answer 38

White

Question 39

Covid-19 hospitalizations and death disparities

Answer 39

*refer to goodnotes chart

Question 40

Impacts of racism on health related to COVID-19

Answer 40

-more black people getting covid as less protected, carry more of burden cause of communities segregated in, they have less access,
-jobs have
-over representing jobs where no paid sick leave or working front line jobs
-more exposed, less protected, greater risk
-more likely to die not from chronic or genetics cause society communities they secreted in have been positioned by environmental racism, bad education, less fresh fruits etx so more underlying heath issues like kidney failure

Question 41

Racial disparities in health outcomes

Answer 41

*refer to goodnotes
-people of African-American descents, labelled on scorecard as “black” more likely to die earlier than counterparts of European descent, labelled “white” from treatable conditions
-scorecard from centre for disease and control in USA tracks death before age 75 from acute and chronic causes that considered treatable when identified early and well managed. Ex. Certain cancers, heart disease, diabetes

Question 42

How race affects health outcomes

Answer 42

Components of race
-race often used at fixed measure tho can change over time
-experiences of racism context and time specific
-race associated with racism and culturally, socially, economically, and politically realms
-factors are pathways by which race influences access to health care, stress levels and health practices and resources
-factors can be directly or indirectly affect ones health status

Effects on health
-ultimately impact biological processes and cause unhealthy or healthy states of physical and mental health

*refer to goodnotes images

Question 43

Racialization

Answer 43

-sociological concept
-process by which racial or ethnic identities assigned to groups of people who could be perceived as socially different from the racial or ethnic majority within society
-may be based on skin colour, origin, region, language or other characteristics
-can lead to marginalization or exclusion of group from mainstream society

Question 44

Health disparities

Answer 44

-exist between rationalized and non-racialize communities in Canada
-raclialized groups may experince poorer health outcomes as a result of social marginalization, social exclusion, and racism in health service access or health care delivery
-in addition institutional discrimination in education, employment, and housing can have long-term adverse impacts on population health

Question 45

Health disparities example

Answer 45

-less use of preventive health care such as mammograms and Pap smears
-lower levels of use of mental health services
-less appropriate care of diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk factors

Question 46

Research on race, SES, and health

Answer 46

-racism is a cause of stress and this has direct association with poor health
-racism is a structural force and reproduces health differences very similar to way social class (or SES) does
-racism not a question of the past - system that assigns value and opportunities depending on way a person looks
-system that structures injustices (such as building upon the backs of enslaved peoples or the theft of indigenous lands)

Question 47

Everyday discriminations related to….

Answer 47

-subclinical carotid artery disease
-coronary artery calcification
-accelerating aging
-higher consumption of alcohol
-higher levels of psychological stress
-higher levels of depressive symptoms
-low birth weight and more

Question 48

Association between racial disparities and very preterm (VPT) birth

Answer 48

-defined as birth before 32 weeks of gestation
-specific example of racial disparities in health outcomes
-association between racial disparities and VPT brith can attribute to multiple different casual factors
-factors have been arranged by association in both traditional conceptual framework and alternative conceptual framework

Transitional conceptual framework
-reveals that ones race influences preterm brith, which mediated through SES, behaviours and genetics
-VPT birth complex disease though and not ADEQUATELY REPRESENTS BY THIS FRAMEWORK

Alternative conceptual framework
-represents more adequate
-suggests that three primary proximate biological pathways mediate racial disparity in VPT birth: uteri placental vascular dysfunction, placental and maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA) dysfunction and maternal-fetal inflammation

*refer to goodnotes