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Microbiology > M31- Protozoa > Flashcards

M31- Protozoa Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe protozoa.

A
  • Single celled eukaryotes (Pro)sta)
  • 0.01 mm – 0.05 mm
  • Lack a cell wall
  • Many free living aerobes
  • Rare obligate anaerobes oKen include parasi)c species that inhabit GI tract of animals
  • Some parasi)c protozoa that live in blood have evolved use of simplified respira)on system that does not involve mitochondria.
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2
Q

what are characteristics of protozoa?

A

-Nuclear envelope
>present

-Transcription & Translation >different compartements

-Histone proteins (DNA)
>present

-Cytoskeleton
>present

-Mitochondria
>present or absent

-Chloroplasts
>present

-Cell Wall
>variety, absent in some

-Genetic recombination
>fertilisation and meiosis

-Nutrition
>photosynthesis or heterotroph

-Motility
>Cilia,flagella,ameoboid,contractile fibrils

-Multicellularity
>normally absent

-Nervous system
some forms primitive stimuli system

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3
Q

Name 3 protozoan diseases of man.

A
  • Malaria
  • Toxoplasma
  • Oral protozoa
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4
Q

Name 3 protozoa of the oral cavity.

A
  • Trichomonas tenax
  • Trichomonas vaginalis
  • Entamoeba gingivalis
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5
Q

what can T.vaginalis STD cause?

A 
–  Adverse pregnancy
–  Cervical neoplasia
–  Atypical Pelvic inflammatory disease
–  Infertility
–  Urethritis, prostitis, epydidymitis,
–  Cervical cancer, prostrate cancer
–  Increased risk of HIV seroconversion
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6
Q

what broad diseases does T.vaginalis and T.tenax cause?

A

– Broncho-pulmonary infections (P. carinii)

– Associated with lung disease & underlying cancers

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7
Q

What is the treatment for trichomoniasis?

A

– Metronidazole
– Single 2g oral dose
– 500mg twice daily for 7 days

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8
Q

what is associated with poor oral hygiene?

A

Trichomonas tenax

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9
Q

how much does Trichomonas tenax occur in periodontal disease?

A

21%

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10
Q

What can entamoeba gingival do?

A

Can ingest microbes, leukocytes, & dead organic matter

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11
Q

Describe the disease of entamoeba gingivalis.

A

– Specific association with progressive periodontal disease in immunocompromised.
– Isolated from pulmonary abscesses
– Reports of acute osteomyolitis of the mandible

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12
Q

how much does entamoeba gingvalis occur in periodontal disease?

A

26 patients periodontal disease 27-69% carriage, 17 health 0%

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13
Q

what is the infection of EntAmeobosis?

A

Cysts shed into warm moist environment, swallowed & excyst to trophozoite

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14
Q

what can an amoebic dysentery or colitis cause?

A 
–  Fulmina)ng dysentery
–  Bloody diarrhoea
–  Abdominal pain
–  Ameobic lesions (burrowed into intes)nal wall)
–  Blood stream in severe episodes
–  Liver abscess
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15
Q

What is the treatment for EntAmeobosis?

A

Treatment with metronidazole & chloroquinone

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16
Q

What can cause cryptosporidiosis?

A

• Cryptosporidium sp
• Poor hygiene, faeces,
contamination etc.

17
Q

What are the symptoms of cryptosporidiosis?

A

– 3-12 day incubation
– Watery diarrhoea
– Stomach cramps
– High temp & loss of appetite – 12 to 14 days (up to a month)

18
Q

What is the treatment of cryptosporidiosis?

A

treatment largely concerns ensuring rehydration

19
Q

How is malaria transmitted?

A

mosquito (zoonosis)

20
Q

what is malaria cause by?

A

Protozoa:

– Plasmodium falciparum

21
Q

what is distribution of malaria also that of?

A

anopheles misquito

22
Q

where do mosquito live?

A

Lives in/on stagnant water in hot countries

23
Q

What gender of mosquito are the vectors and why?

A

– the male does not feed on blood
– supports the produc)on of eggs
– usually bite between sunset & sunrise

24
Q

What are the stages of the life cycle of malaria?

A
  • Infected mosquito releases sporozoites
  • Sporozoites travel to the liver where they enter hepatocytes & divide for 10 days. (+ 30 minutes)
  • Merozoites released
  • Merozoites infect erythrocytes
  • 48hr development within erythrocyte
  • Remodelling of erythrocyte & expression of surface proteins, produce knobs & mauers cleKs
25
Q

what happens in the first 24 hours of the blood stage?

A
  • 1000s of merozoites generated in liver & released (+ 10 days)
  • Blood stage; Asexual reproductive cycle
  • Attachment & invasion develop in parsitophprous vacuole (PV).
  • > 24 hrs mature stage membrane bound structures appears in cytoplasm & knobbly deformations on membrane
26
Q

what happens at 48 hrs of the blood stage?

A
  • 48hrs infected red cell ruptures 16-32 merozoites released
  • Degradation of haemobglobin & crystals appear in digestive vacuole, 02 carriage reduced onset of fever & chills
27
Q

What are the initial symptoms of malaria?

A
  • Initial symptoms similar to common flu.
  • High temperature/fever occurs in hours from ini)al feeling of being ill.
  • Often fever subsides for a few hours & returns (successive waves).
  • Temperature fluctua)on oKen accompanied by a number of symptoms
28
Q

what are temperature fluctuation accompanied by (malaria)?

A
  • Headaches
  • Chills
  • Diarrhoea
  • Muscular Pain
  • Lethargy
  • Sickness
  • Coughing Fits
  • Abdominal pains
29
Q

You should Seek Immediate attention before progression to what? (malaria)

A
  • Delerium, confusion, acting erractically
  • Fits & Seizures that can end in coma
  • Death; anemia &/or restricted blood flow to the brain
30
Q

how is malaria prevented? (body or environmental)

A

Mosquito nets, long sleeve clothes & insect repellents

31
Q

How is malaria prevented with drugs?

A

– Atovaquone & Proguanil
– Chloroquine
– Deoxycline

32
Q

what type of treatment can cure malaria?

A

prompt and adequate

33
Q

Name the types of treatment for malaria.

A

-Ouinine
-Chloroquinine
-Combination therapy:
> Drug resistance so no longer used in isolation
>Multi-drug resistance in SE Asia is a major concern

34
Q

what is a toxoplasma?

A

Obligate intracellular parasite

35
Q

Describe the toxoplasma life cycle.

A

• Life Cycle oKen involves rodents :
– Oocysts eaten by rat
– Form cysts in rats CNS
– Persist in brain
– generates a_rac)on to cat urine & feline pheromones
– Eaten by cat enters feline intes)ne
– Reproduces sexually (cat only known host for this stage) – Sheds 100,000,000 immature oocysts in faeces
– Oocysts mature in 2 days and become infective

36
Q

Describe the disease of toxoplasmosis.

A

– Asymptomatic to severe & fatal (rare)
– Acute disease ;2 week flu like symptoms
– Occasional acute infections in healthy (e.g.eye,encephali)s)
– Immunocompromised
– Primary disease occurring. during pregnancy & reaching developing foetus

37
Q

What is the treatment of toxoplasmosis?

A

Pyrimethamine & Sulphadiazine (doesn’t eliminate cystic stage)

38
Q

what is the developing view of the toxoplasmosis disease?

A

– Infection has associations with Risk Taking Activities,personality alterations
– Slower reflexes( musclecysts?)
– Psychiatric disorders,depression & schizophrenia
– Can influence your personality and on a wider scale & the entire culture?

39
Q

Summary slide.

A
  • Protozoa/protista
  • Parasitic eukaryotic infections of man
  • Oral protozoa & STD, significance/treatment
  • Zoonotic diseases
  • Plasmodium/Malaria
  • Toxoplasma most successful parasite
  • Many more parasites not easy to treat

Microbiology (30 decks)

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