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Microbiology > M27 - Vaccine > Flashcards

M27 - Vaccine Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 2 types of natural immunity?

A

– Active - natural recovery from infection

– Passive - maternal antibodies

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2
Q

What are the 2 types of artificially acquired immunity?

A

– Vaccination (active immunisation)

– Passive immunisation

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3
Q

What is passive immunisation?

A
  • Specific antibodies purified from blood of donor.

* Antibodies/immunoglobu lin injected into recipient

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4
Q

What are the advantages of passive immunisation?

A

immediate protection

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5
Q

What are the disadvantages of passive immunisation?

A

protecting short-lived

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6
Q

when is passive immunisation used?

A

When unprotected person has been exposed to infectious agent, and there is not sufficient time for the patient to develop own antibodies by active immunisation

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7
Q

what is a vaccination?

A

Administration of material of ‘microbial’ origin (vaccine) to a susceptible person to stimulate their immune defences

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8
Q

What does vaccination stimulate?

A

long lasting protection against a specific disease

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9
Q

When does immunological memory sometimes not work?

A

drugs, alcohol ,immunocompromised

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10
Q

what should an ideal vaccine do?

A 
• Provide resistance to disease
– (not necessarily to infection)
• Protect for as long as possible 
• Be safe
– minimal side effects
• Be stable
• Be cheap (especially 3rd world)
• Be perceived as “good and effective”
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11
Q

What are the 4 types of vaccines?

A
  • toxoid
  • subunit
  • Inactivated (killed)
  • live-attenuated
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12
Q

Describe toxoids.

A

• Purified toxin treated with formaldehyde to
render it non-toxic without changing antigenicity
• Toxoids usually adsorbed onto adjuvents to
improve their stimulatory effect
• E.g. tetanus toxoid, diptheria toxoid

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13
Q

What does adjuvents do?

A

cause low grade inflammation to increase success of immune response

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14
Q

Describe subunit vaccines.

A

• Consist only of small portion of microbe - enough to stimulate immune response, not enough for infection
• No risk of infection
• Generally expensive
• Generally not very effective
• Conjugate vaccine;
– where subunit is attached to another protein

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15
Q

Describe inactivated vaccines.

A
  • Microbe is exposed to denaturing agent or heat
  • Aim is loss of infectivity without loss of antigenicity
  • Little risk of vaccine associated infection
  • Stable
  • Not possible to achieve correct balance for all microbes
  • Not always effective at stimulating correct immune response
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16
Q

Describe live attenuated vaccines.

A 
• Microbe with reduced pathogenicity
• Aim is to stimulate immune response without causing disease
• Very good immunogens
– (stimulate correct immune response)
• Unstable
• Risk of reversion to virulence
17
Q

Describe the administration of live and killed vaccines.

A

Live- may be natural route or injection , may be single dose
Killed - injection, usually multiple doses

18
Q

Is an adjuvant needed for live or killed vaccines?

A

Live- not required

killed- usually required

19
Q

Describe the safety of live and killed vaccines.

A

live- may revert to virulence

killed- pain from injection

20
Q

What is the cost of live and killed vaccines?

A

live- low

killed- high

21
Q

what is the duration of live and killed vaccines?

A

live- usually years

killed- may be long or short

22
Q

what is the immune response of live and killed vaccines?

A

live- IgG, IgA, cell-mediated

killed - mainly IgG, little or no cell-mediated

23
Q

What are common side effects of vaccines?

A

swelling and redness at injection site, transient fever, malaise, headache

24
Q

What are rare side effects of vaccines?

A

– anaphylactic shock

– have adrenalin and oxygen available

25
Q

Name complications of vaccines.

A

• “live” material in “killed” vaccine preparation
• Allergic effects
– e.g. influenza virus is grown in eggs
• Toxicity
– e.g. typhoid vaccine
(vaccine contains large numbers of killed Salmonella typhi so large amounts of endotoxin)

26
Q

who should live vaccines not be given to?

A

• Pregnant women -
unless significant risk of exposure outweighs risk to foetus
• Immunosuppressive treatment
– Individualsonhighdosesofsteroids – with malignant conditions -
• lymphomas, leukaemia;
• HIV +ve patients should not get BCG vaccine

27
Q

what is herd immunity?

A

the level of disease resistance of a community or population

28
Q

Describe how herd immunity works.

A

– Sufficient levels of immunised people to prevent circulation of disease & infection of non-immunised.
– Applies only to diseases that pass form person to person
– Ultimately herd immunity leads to eradication

29
Q

Name factors effecting herd immunity.

A 
– Environmental
• Population density 
• Time of year
– Immunestatus 
• HIV
– Vurulence of disease
• Measles highly infectious >90% protection required for herd immunity
• Varies but 90% a common figure.
30
Q

Describe measles.

A
  • Highly contagious viral illness
  • First described in 7th century
  • Near universal infection of childhood in pre- vaccination era
  • Frequent and often fatal in developing worlds
31
Q

Name conditions caused by measles complications and 5 reported.

A
  • Diarrhea (8%)
  • Otitis media (7%)
  • Pneumonia (6%)
  • Encephalitis (0.1%)
  • Hospitalization (18%)
  • Death (0.2%)
32
Q

Name adverse reaction from MMR.

A
  • Fever
  • Rash
  • Joint symptoms
  • Thrombocytopenia
  • Parotitis
  • Deafness
  • Encephalopathy
33
Q

Describe the vaccination paradox in the post factual era.

A
  • Increased vaccine safety
  • Increased vaccine coverage
  • Decreased disease incidence
  • Decreased doctors trust
  • Decreased parents trust
34
Q

Name some childhood vaccines.

A
  • Meningitis C
  • Rotavirus
  • MMR
  • Chickenpox
  • BCG (TB)
  • Flu
  • HepB
35
Q

What is human papilloma virus (HPV)?

A

• Cervical Cancer
– 1000UKdeathsperanum
• 18 Yrs (25%)
• 24 Yrs (40%)

• HPV types
– 16,18,

36
Q

What has been in place since 2009 for HPV?

A

– Vaccination for 15-17Yrs
– Types 16 & 18 Protection
– Prevent 70% of cervical cancer cases

37
Q

Name some adult vaccines.

A
  • Flu Vaccine (65 years and older every year)
  • Men ACWY (teenage and university)
  • Pneumococcal (PPV) (65 years)
  • Whopping Cough (Pertusis)
38
Q

Give summary slide.

A 
• Active & Passive immunisation 
• Ideal Vaccine & four types
• Herd immunity
• Contra-indications, side effects 
• Childhood vaccines
– Diseasescontrolled,
• Adult vaccines
– Specific uses & targeted diseases
• MMR & perception of vaccines

Microbiology (30 decks)

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