M2 RS Flashcards
1
Q
Respiratory System
A
呼吸系統
2
Q
Ventilation (V)
A
The exchange of the air between the atmosphere and the lungs.
3
Q
External Respiration
A
The movement of gases between the environment and
the cells of the body.
4
Q
Internal Respiration
A
The movement of the gases from the lungs, through the blood stream and to the cells.
5
Q
The upper respiratory system consists⋯
A
nose, pharynx, and associated structures
6
Q
The lower respiratory system consists⋯
A
larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
7
Q
Pharynx
A
咽
8
Q
Nasopharynx
A
鼻咽
9
Q
Oropharynx
A
口咽
10
Q
Larynogopharynx
A
喉咽
11
Q
Pharyngeal tonsil
A
咽部扁桃體
12
Q
Tubal tonsil
A
咽鼓管扁桃體
13
Q
Palatin tonsil
A
顎扁桃體
14
Q
Isthmus
A
峽部 a narrow structure separates two parts
15
Q
Fauces
A
喉
16
Q
Lingual tonsil
A
舌扁桃體
17
Q
Hyoid bone
A
舌骨Anchor point for muscles needed for swallowing and speech
18
Q
Jugular notch
A
頸靜脈切跡
Used medically to assess venous pressure, inserting central venous catheter, observing the thyroid gland, radiological measurements
19
Q
catheter
A
導管
20
Q
Thyroid gland
A
甲狀腺
21
Q
Larynx
A
喉
22
Q
Epiglottis
A
會厭Prevents food and liquids from entering the airway during swallowing
23
Q
glottis
A
聲門
24
Q
Trachea
A
氣管
25
mediastinum
a space in your chest that holds your heart and other important structures
26
Trachea runs from end of larynx (C6) to⋯
T4/T5, where it bifurcates into the primary bronchi
27
Function of Trachea
filter, warm, humidify air
28
hyaline
透明的
29
Trachea contains⋯ posteriorly
15-20 U-shaped hyaline cartilages & trachealis muscle, and Annular ligaments connect cartilage rings
30
trachealis muscle
氣管肌
31
Annular
環形
32
ligament
韌帶
33
Cilia
纖毛
34
ciliary escalator
Cilia move rhythmically
35
The Pleura Membranes
胸膜
36
Visceral Pleura
臟層胸膜Covers the surface of the lungs
37
Function of Visceral Pleura
• Protects from friction摩擦
• Helps maintain shape
• Prevent lung collapse崩塌
• Synchronising同步 movement with the chest wall
38
friction
摩擦
39
Synchronising
同步
40
Parietal Pleura
壁層胸膜Covers not only the lungs, but heart and major blood vessels
41
Functions of Parietal Pleura
• Lines the thoracic cavity
• Protects from friction
• Integrity完整性 of pleural cavity
42
Pleural Fluid
腔積水
43
Pleural Cavity
胸膜腔with Pleural Fluid
44
Functions of pleural cavity with pleural fluid
• creates a moist, slippery surface – easy sliding and ↓ friction
• holds the lungs tight against the thoracic wall.
45
Pleural Sac
胸膜囊
46
Bronchial circulation
Component of the systemic circulation. It consists of tiny bronchial arteries and veins that supply the bronchi and bronchioles of the lung
47
How many lobe does lung have
3 right + 2 left
48
carina
the inferior termination of the trachea into the right and left main bronchi
49
Primary branch of trachea
Main bronchus
50
Secondary branch of trachea
Lobar bronchus
51
Tertiary branch of trachea
Segmental bronchus
52
bronchus
支氣管
53
Bronchioles
細支氣管
54
alveolar ducts
肺泡管
55
alveoli/ Alveolus
肺泡
56
In Bronchioles, Hyaline cartilage is replaced by…
smooth muscle (keep them open)
57
Perfusion (Q)
delivering blood to tissues and organs in the body.
58
Pneumocytes
肺細胞
59
The functions and structures of Type 1 Pneumocytes
• Simple squamous epithelial cells.
• Form the walls of the respiratory
60
The functions and structures of Type 2 Pneumocytes
• Simple Cuboidal epithelial cells
• Produce surfactant
61
Cuboidal
立方形
62
surfactant
界面活性劑
63
Macrophages
巨噬細胞
64
Eupnea
Quiet breathing at rest. It can be diaphragmatic or costal
65
Diaphragmatic breathing
deep breathing: Diaphragmatic contraction expands the thoracic
66
Exhalation
呼氣
67
diaphragm
橫隔膜
68
Costal breathing
shallow breathing: Intercostal muscles contract, elevate the ribs and enlarge the thoracic cavity
69
Hypereupnea
Fast-forced breathing
70
Muscles using to inspiration during hypereupnea
elevate the ribs and enlarge the thorax
• Scalene muscles (elevate 1stand 2ndribs)
• Serratus anterior and posterior
• Pectoralis minor and major
• Sternocleidomastoid
71
Muscles used in exhalation during hypereupnea
• External and internal obliques
• Transversus abdominis
• Rectus abdominis
72
Boyle’s Law
the volume of a gas and pressure are inversely proportional at a given temperature (e.g., body temperature).
73
Intrapulmonary pressure (AP= Alveolar Pressure)
the pressure in the alveoli (also known as alveolar pressure)
74
Intrapleural pressure (IP)
胸膜內壓
Generally lower than the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressures to keep the lungs inflated and allows them to adhere to the chest wall, enabling efficient breathing
75
Transpulmonary (transmural) pressure (TP)
TP=AP-IP
76
distensibility
擴張性
77
High & low compliance
High compliance: lungs and chest wall expand easily with each breath in, so it takes less effort to breathe.
Low compliance: they're stiffer and it takes more effort to fill them with air.
78
Airway Resistance Related to
• Length
• Radius
• Cross-sectional area of the airways: Bronchodilation/Bronchoconstriction
• Density, viscosity (does not really change too much)
• Velocity 速度 of the gas
79
Bronchodilation
支氣管擴張
80
Bronchoconstriction
支氣管收縮
81
Elastic Recoil
彈性回縮
82
Fick’s Law of diffusion
The shorter the distance through which diffusion must take place, the greater the rate of diffusion
The greater the surface area across which diffusion can take place, the greater the rate of diffusion
83
amphiprotic
兩性的
84
Feature & compound of surfactant
A detergent-like mixture of phospholipids, surfactant proteins, and neutral lipids - it is amphiprotic (some of it is non-polar and another part is polar).
85
Function of surfactant
Decreases water cohesiveness
86
cohesiveness
凝聚力/表面张力
87
Dalton’s Law
Each gas has its own partial pressure, based upon its concentration in the solution. The sum of these is the overall pressure.
the total pressure of the air in your lungs is the sum of the pressures each of these gases would exert if they were alone.
88
Henry’s Law
the amount of dissolve gas in a liquid (blood) is proportional to the partial pressure above the liquid.
89
3 keys for gas exchange
1. Partial pressure gradient (Dalton’s and Henry’s Law)
2. Thickness & surface area of exchange membranes (Fick’s Law)
3. Ventilation-perfusion coupling (V/Q)
90
Haemoglobin (Hb)
血紅蛋白
91
Oxyhaemoglobin
氧合血紅素
92
Bicarbonate ions
碳酸氫根離子
93
Carbaminohemoglobin
碳氨基血紅素
94
CO2 is carried as:
• Bicarbonate ions (70%)
• Carbaminohemoglobin (20%) - where it binds to amino groups in haemoglobin
• Dissolved in plasma (10%).
95
Haldane Effect
The binding or release of one oxygen molecule changes the conformation or shape of the haemoglobin molecule, making it easier for the subsequent oxygen molecules to be released.
1. In the tissues:
Oxygen is released from haemoglobin → increased capacity to bind with carbon dioxide and protons (forming bicarbonate) → removes these from tissues.
2. In the lungs:
Oxygen binds to haemoglobin → decreased capacity to bind with carbon dioxide and protons → release to be exhaled
96
The Bohr effect
A lower pH (more CO2 dissolved in blood) → increase of O2 leaving from hemoglobin → promotes CO2 binding.
97
Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) contains the Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)
孤束核(NTS) 包含背部呼吸群(DRG) - control the muscles of respiration, particularly for inspiration.
98
Ventral Respiratory Group contains the Pre-Botzinger Complex
腹側呼吸群包含前Botzinger 複合體 - spontaneous firing neurons自發性放電神經元 : basic pacemaker of respiratory system. Also, controls muscles for active breathing.
99
Functions of Pons Respiratory Centre
- fine-tunes breathing during activities such as talking, sleeping, exercise0
- integrates整合 inputs from peripheral 周圍 sensory receptors & higher brain centres
- communicate & modifies DRG & VRG neurons
100
excitatory & inhibitory
興奮性和抑制性
101
Inflation reflex
充氣反射: stretch receptors signal respiratory centres via vagal nerve afferents to end inspiration & lungs recoil
牽張感受器透過迷走神經傳入向呼吸中樞發出訊號，以結束吸氣和肺部反沖
102
vagal nerve
迷走神經
103
mucus, dust, fumes
黏液、灰塵、煙霧
104
hypothalamus
下視丘
105
motor cortex
運動皮質
106
Respiratory centres are sensitive to excitatory & inhibitory stimuli:
• Chemical factors:
• Inflation reflex:
• Pulmonary irritants:
• Higher brain centres:
• Chemical factors: arterial CO2, H+, O2 via central & peripheral chemoreceptors
• Inflation reflex: stretch receptors signal respiratory centres via vagal nerve afferents to end inspiration & lungs recoil
• Pulmonary irritants: mucus, dust, fumes stimulate bronchiole receptors that communicate with respiratory centres via vagal nerve afferents ⟶ Reflex constriction, cough, sneeze
• Higher brain centres: hypothalamus (emotions & pain) & motor cortex (voluntary control)
107
irritants
刺激物
108
Carotid body chemoreceptors
頸動脈體化學感受器
• Nerve fibers pass to the glossopharyngeal nerves 舌咽神經 and to the DVG.
• High blood flow
• Detects 偵測
• ↓ PaO2* (hypoxemia 低氧血症) (60 down to 30 mm Hg)
• No change in ventilation 通氣量 until < 20 mmHG
• Insensitive to ↑ PaO2 above 50–60 mm Hg.
109
Aortic body chemoreceptors
主動脈體化學感受器
• Nerve fibers pass through the vagus nerve, and to the DVG
• Lower blood flow
• Detects
• ↓ PO2 (hypoxemia 低氧血症)
• ↑ PCO2 (hypercapnia 高碳酸血症)
• ↑ H+ (this does what to pH
110
Central chemoreceptors
中樞化學感受器
• In Medulla oblongata
• Detects in CSF 腦脊髓液
• ↑ PCO2 (hypercapnia)
• ↑ H+ (this does what to pH
111
Three Chemoreceptors
Carotid body chemoreceptors, Aortic body chemoreceptors & Central chemoreceptors
112
Stretch receptors
拉伸感受器
Located in the walls of the airways in the lungs, these receptors detect the degree of lung inflation.
Nerve impulses via the vagus nerve
If the lungs become over-inflated 過度充氣, the stretch receptors send inhibitory signals to the medulla → temporary halt 停止 in inspiration → Hering-Breuer reflex (discovered 1869)
113
Nociceptors
傷害感受器
Sensory nerve endings that respond to noxious or harmful stimuli.
114
Afferent Signals
傳入訊號
