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BIOM1071 > M2 RS > Flashcards

M2 RS Flashcards

1
Q

Respiratory System

A

呼吸系統

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2
Q

Ventilation (V)

A

The exchange of the air between the atmosphere and the lungs.

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3
Q

External Respiration

A

The movement of gases between the environment and
the cells of the body.

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4
Q

Internal Respiration

A

The movement of the gases from the lungs, through the blood stream and to the cells.

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5
Q

The upper respiratory system consists⋯

A

nose, pharynx, and associated structures

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6
Q

The lower respiratory system consists⋯

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

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7
Q

Pharynx

A

咽

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8
Q

Nasopharynx

A

鼻咽

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9
Q

Oropharynx

A

口咽

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10
Q

Larynogopharynx

A

喉咽

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11
Q

Pharyngeal tonsil

A

咽部扁桃體

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12
Q

Tubal tonsil

A

咽鼓管扁桃體

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13
Q

Palatin tonsil

A

顎扁桃體

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14
Q

Isthmus

A

峽部 a narrow structure separates two parts

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15
Q

Fauces

A

喉

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16
Q

Lingual tonsil

A

舌扁桃體

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17
Q

Hyoid bone

A

舌骨Anchor point for muscles needed for swallowing and speech

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18
Q

Jugular notch

A

頸靜脈切跡
Used medically to assess venous pressure, inserting central venous catheter, observing the thyroid gland, radiological measurements

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19
Q

catheter

A

導管

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20
Q

Thyroid gland

A

甲狀腺

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21
Q

Larynx

A

喉

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22
Q

Epiglottis

A

會厭Prevents food and liquids from entering the airway during swallowing

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23
Q

glottis

A

聲門

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24
Q

Trachea

A

氣管

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25
Q

mediastinum

A

a space in your chest that holds your heart and other important structures

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26
Q

Trachea runs from end of larynx (C6) to⋯

A

T4/T5, where it bifurcates into the primary bronchi

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27
Q

Function of Trachea

A

filter, warm, humidify air

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28
Q

hyaline

A

透明的

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29
Q

Trachea contains⋯ posteriorly

A

15-20 U-shaped hyaline cartilages & trachealis muscle, and Annular ligaments connect cartilage rings

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30
Q

trachealis muscle

A

氣管肌

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31
Q

Annular

A

環形

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32
Q

ligament

A

韌帶

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33
Q

Cilia

A

纖毛

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34
Q

ciliary escalator

A

Cilia move rhythmically

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35
Q

The Pleura Membranes

A

胸膜

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36
Q

Visceral Pleura

A

臟層胸膜Covers the surface of the lungs

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37
Q

Function of Visceral Pleura

A

• Protects from friction摩擦
• Helps maintain shape
• Prevent lung collapse崩塌
• Synchronising同步 movement with the chest wall

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38
Q

friction

A

摩擦

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39
Q

Synchronising

A

同步

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40
Q

Parietal Pleura

A

壁層胸膜Covers not only the lungs, but heart and major blood vessels

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41
Q

Functions of Parietal Pleura

A

• Lines the thoracic cavity
• Protects from friction
• Integrity完整性 of pleural cavity

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42
Q

Pleural Fluid

A

腔積水

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43
Q

Pleural Cavity

A

胸膜腔with Pleural Fluid

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44
Q

Functions of pleural cavity with pleural fluid

A

• creates a moist, slippery surface – easy sliding and ↓ friction
• holds the lungs tight against the thoracic wall.

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45
Q

Pleural Sac

A

胸膜囊

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46
Q

Bronchial circulation

A

Component of the systemic circulation. It consists of tiny bronchial arteries and veins that supply the bronchi and bronchioles of the lung

47
Q

How many lobe does lung have

A

3 right + 2 left

48
Q

carina

A

the inferior termination of the trachea into the right and left main bronchi

49
Q

Primary branch of trachea

A

Main bronchus

50
Q

Secondary branch of trachea

A

Lobar bronchus

51
Q

Tertiary branch of trachea

A

Segmental bronchus

52
Q

bronchus

53
Q

Bronchioles

A

細支氣管

54
Q

alveolar ducts

55
Q

alveoli/ Alveolus

56
Q

In Bronchioles, Hyaline cartilage is replaced by…

A

smooth muscle (keep them open)

57
Q

Perfusion (Q)

A

delivering blood to tissues and organs in the body.

58
Q

Pneumocytes

59
Q

The functions and structures of Type 1 Pneumocytes

A

• Simple squamous epithelial cells.
• Form the walls of the respiratory

60
Q

The functions and structures of Type 2 Pneumocytes

A

• Simple Cuboidal epithelial cells
• Produce surfactant

61
Q

Cuboidal

62
Q

surfactant

A

界面活性劑

63
Q

Macrophages

A

巨噬細胞

64
Q

Eupnea

A

Quiet breathing at rest. It can be diaphragmatic or costal

65
Q

Diaphragmatic breathing

A

deep breathing: Diaphragmatic contraction expands the thoracic

66
Q

Exhalation

67
Q

diaphragm

68
Q

Costal breathing

A

shallow breathing: Intercostal muscles contract, elevate the ribs and enlarge the thoracic cavity

69
Q

Hypereupnea

A

Fast-forced breathing

70
Q

Muscles using to inspiration during hypereupnea

A

elevate the ribs and enlarge the thorax
• Scalene muscles (elevate 1stand 2ndribs)
• Serratus anterior and posterior
• Pectoralis minor and major
• Sternocleidomastoid

71
Q

Muscles used in exhalation during hypereupnea

A

• External and internal obliques
• Transversus abdominis
• Rectus abdominis

72
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

the volume of a gas and pressure are inversely proportional at a given temperature (e.g., body temperature).

73
Q

Intrapulmonary pressure (AP= Alveolar Pressure)

A

the pressure in the alveoli (also known as alveolar pressure)

74
Q

Intrapleural pressure (IP)

A

胸膜內壓

Generally lower than the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressures to keep the lungs inflated and allows them to adhere to the chest wall, enabling efficient breathing

75
Q

Transpulmonary (transmural) pressure (TP)

76
Q

distensibility

77
Q

High & low compliance

A

High compliance: lungs and chest wall expand easily with each breath in, so it takes less effort to breathe.
Low compliance: they’re stiffer and it takes more effort to fill them with air.

78
Q

Airway Resistance Related to

A

• Length
• Radius
• Cross-sectional area of the airways: Bronchodilation/Bronchoconstriction
• Density, viscosity (does not really change too much)
• Velocity 速度 of the gas

79
Q

Bronchodilation

A

支氣管擴張

80
Q

Bronchoconstriction

A

支氣管收縮

81
Q

Elastic Recoil

A

彈性回縮

82
Q

Fick’s Law of diffusion

A

The shorter the distance through which diffusion must take place, the greater the rate of diffusion
The greater the surface area across which diffusion can take place, the greater the rate of diffusion

83
Q

amphiprotic

84
Q

Feature & compound of surfactant

A

A detergent-like mixture of phospholipids, surfactant proteins, and neutral lipids - it is amphiprotic (some of it is non-polar and another part is polar).

85
Q

Function of surfactant

A

Decreases water cohesiveness

86
Q

cohesiveness

A

凝聚力/表面张力

87
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

Each gas has its own partial pressure, based upon its concentration in the solution. The sum of these is the overall pressure.

the total pressure of the air in your lungs is the sum of the pressures each of these gases would exert if they were alone.

88
Q

Henry’s Law

A

the amount of dissolve gas in a liquid (blood) is proportional to the partial pressure above the liquid.

89
Q

3 keys for gas exchange

A
  1. Partial pressure gradient (Dalton’s and Henry’s Law)
  2. Thickness & surface area of exchange membranes (Fick’s Law)
  3. Ventilation-perfusion coupling (V/Q)
90
Q

Haemoglobin (Hb)

A

血紅蛋白

91
Q

Oxyhaemoglobin

A

氧合血紅素

92
Q

Bicarbonate ions

A

碳酸氫根離子

93
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

碳氨基血紅素

94
Q

CO2 is carried as:

A

• Bicarbonate ions (70%)
• Carbaminohemoglobin (20%) - where it binds to amino groups in haemoglobin
• Dissolved in plasma (10%).

95
Q

Haldane Effect

A

The binding or release of one oxygen molecule changes the conformation or shape of the haemoglobin molecule, making it easier for the subsequent oxygen molecules to be released.

  1. In the tissues:
    Oxygen is released from haemoglobin → increased capacity to bind with carbon dioxide and protons (forming bicarbonate) → removes these from tissues.
  2. In the lungs:
    Oxygen binds to haemoglobin → decreased capacity to bind with carbon dioxide and protons → release to be exhaled
96
Q

The Bohr effect

A

A lower pH (more CO2 dissolved in blood) → increase of O2 leaving from hemoglobin → promotes CO2 binding.

97
Q

Nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) contains the Dorsal Respiratory Group (DRG)

A

孤束核(NTS) 包含背部呼吸群(DRG) - control the muscles of respiration, particularly for inspiration.

98
Q

Ventral Respiratory Group contains the Pre-Botzinger Complex

A

腹側呼吸群包含前Botzinger 複合體 - spontaneous firing neurons自發性放電神經元 : basic pacemaker of respiratory system. Also, controls muscles for active breathing.

99
Q

Functions of Pons Respiratory Centre

A
  • fine-tunes breathing during activities such as talking, sleeping, exercise0
  • integrates整合 inputs from peripheral 周圍 sensory receptors & higher brain centres
  • communicate & modifies DRG & VRG neurons
100
Q

excitatory & inhibitory

A

興奮性和抑制性

101
Q

Inflation reflex

A

充氣反射: stretch receptors signal respiratory centres via vagal nerve afferents to end inspiration & lungs recoil
牽張感受器透過迷走神經傳入向呼吸中樞發出訊號，以結束吸氣和肺部反沖

102
Q

vagal nerve

A

迷走神經

103
Q

mucus, dust, fumes

A

黏液、灰塵、煙霧

104
Q

hypothalamus

105
Q

motor cortex

A

運動皮質

106
Q

Respiratory centres are sensitive to excitatory & inhibitory stimuli:
• Chemical factors:
• Inflation reflex:
• Pulmonary irritants:
• Higher brain centres:

A

• Chemical factors: arterial CO2, H+, O2 via central & peripheral chemoreceptors
• Inflation reflex: stretch receptors signal respiratory centres via vagal nerve afferents to end inspiration & lungs recoil
• Pulmonary irritants: mucus, dust, fumes stimulate bronchiole receptors that communicate with respiratory centres via vagal nerve afferents ⟶ Reflex constriction, cough, sneeze
• Higher brain centres: hypothalamus (emotions & pain) & motor cortex (voluntary control)

107
Q

irritants

108
Q

Carotid body chemoreceptors

A

頸動脈體化學感受器

• Nerve fibers pass to the glossopharyngeal nerves 舌咽神經 and to the DVG.
• High blood flow
• Detects 偵測
• ↓ PaO2* (hypoxemia 低氧血症) (60 down to 30 mm Hg)
• No change in ventilation 通氣量 until < 20 mmHG
• Insensitive to ↑ PaO2 above 50–60 mm Hg.

109
Q

Aortic body chemoreceptors

A

主動脈體化學感受器

• Nerve fibers pass through the vagus nerve, and to the DVG
• Lower blood flow
• Detects
• ↓ PO2 (hypoxemia 低氧血症)
• ↑ PCO2 (hypercapnia 高碳酸血症)
• ↑ H+ (this does what to pH

110
Q

Central chemoreceptors

A

中樞化學感受器

• In Medulla oblongata
• Detects in CSF 腦脊髓液
• ↑ PCO2 (hypercapnia)
• ↑ H+ (this does what to pH

111
Q

Three Chemoreceptors

A

Carotid body chemoreceptors, Aortic body chemoreceptors & Central chemoreceptors

112
Q

Stretch receptors

A

拉伸感受器

Located in the walls of the airways in the lungs, these receptors detect the degree of lung inflation.

Nerve impulses via the vagus nerve

If the lungs become over-inflated 過度充氣, the stretch receptors send inhibitory signals to the medulla → temporary halt 停止 in inspiration → Hering-Breuer reflex (discovered 1869)

113
Q

Nociceptors

A

傷害感受器

Sensory nerve endings that respond to noxious or harmful stimuli.

114
Q

Afferent Signals

A

傳入訊號

BIOM1071 (7 decks)

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