M2:RHETORIC AND THE LOGIC OF PERSUASION Flashcards
Rhetoric comes from the greek word________ which means_____
Rhetorikos ;
oratory
Rhetoric is the art of _______
Art of persuasive speaking or writing
Aims to to persuade, inform, and motivate
Rhetoric
➔ Use of language and symbols to change thoughts, feelings, and actions
Rhetoric
Extends to how we communicate–the words and language we use, and the techniques we explore to convey a persuasive message
Rhetoric
Rhetorical Situation is a ______ that requires a _________ through ______ because there is a ______ that needs addressing
set of circumstances ;
response ;
communication or discourse ;
problem or issue
______ is a set of circumstances that requires a response through communication or discourse because there is a problem or issue that needs addressing
Rhetorical Situation
The following are examples of_____:
crisis communication
public service announcement
election campaign
policy making
environmental advocacy
legal defense argument
Rhetorical Situation
What are the 3 constituents of Rhetorical Situation? Define each.
➔ Exigence - A pressing or urgent situation that prompts someone to write or speak
➔ Audience - the individuals for whom the argument is intended
➔ Constraints - limitations or constraints that hinder the success of the discourse
What are the 6 component of Rhetorical Situation
➔ Author
➔ Audience
➔ Topic
➔ Purpose
➔ Occasion
➔ Medium
Component of Rhetorical Situation:
creator or sender of the message
◆ What kind of experience does the author have in the subject
◆ What values does the author have
◆ How invested is the author in the topic of the text
Author
Component of Rhetorical Situation:
intended recipient of communication or who the text is trying to influence
◆ What is the audience demographic
◆ What is the background, values, interests and motivation of the audience
◆ How open is this intended audience to the author
◆ What assumptions might the audience make about the author
◆ In what context id the audience receiving the text
Audience
Component of Rhetorical Situation:
what the author hopes to achieve with the communication
◆ What do they want from their audience
◆ What does the audience want from the text
◆ What may they do once the text is communicated
Purpose
Component of Rhetorical Situation:
setting of the audience
◆ The setting of the audience and author
Occasion
Component of Rhetorical Situation:
delivery method
◆ Alphabetic text
◆ Images
◆ Sound
◆ Multimodal tests
Medium
Component of Rhetorical Situation:
subject matter covered
Topic
◆ What is it about
How many components does a rhetorical situation have
6
Number of constituents of a rhetorical situation
3
Number of rhetorical appeals and what are those.
3
➔ Ethos
➔ Logos
➔ Pathos
Rhetorical appeal that focuses on the speakers authority, expertise, credibility, and their good character
Ethos
Rhetorical appeal that uses matters of fact, truth and reasoning
Logos
Rhetorical appeal that pertains to feelings and emotions
Pathos
Constituent of Rhetorical Situation:
A pressing or urgent situation that prompts someone to write or speak
Exigence
Constituent of Rhetorical Situation:
the individuals for whom the argument is intended
Audience
Constituent of Rhetorical Situation:
limitations or constraints that hinder the success of the discourse
Constraints
Pertains to the method use to persuade the audience
Rhetorical Appeals
➔ The use of language, signs, and symbols, contextualized in political, social, cultural, and economic situations.
Political Rhetoric
POLITICAL RHETORIC is the use of _____,_____,_____contextualized in ____,____,____,___situations.
language,
signs,
symbols,
political,
social,
cultural,
economic
The communicative contexts surrounding political actors shape their rhetoric and how they appeal to the public they want to persuade
Political Rhetoric
____ Modes of Appeals of Political Rhetoric are:
(enumerate)
3;
Ethos
Logos
Pathos
Define each:
Ethos
Logos
Pathos
➔ Ethos - focuses on the speakers authority, expertise, credibility, and their good character
➔ Logos - uses matters of fact, truth and reasoning
➔ Pathos - feelings and emotions
Who uses Political Rhetoric?
- Politicians/political candidates
- Government official
- Political Parties
What are the Common goals of Political Rhetoric
- Maintain the relationship of the speaker with the audience
- Motivate, inspire, inform, or persuade citizens to take an action
- Shift public opinion
3 Components of Political Rhetoric
exigence
audience
constraints
Components of Political Rhetoric
- the problem that gives rise to the rhetorical situation, this is interpreted by the rhetor and shared with the audience to achieve the purpose of the rhetoric
Exigence
Components of Political Rhetoric
individuals that can be influenced by the discourse. Consists of physical audience, audience who is yet to be formed, and audience in the mind of the rhetoric
Audience
Components of Political Rhetoric
Persons, objects, events or relationships that can challenge the success of the rhetoric. Can be linguistic, historical, and geographical.
Constraint
______ Strategies Political Communicators use to identify with the people:
Enumerate
(TICE)
1.Taking and avoiding sides
2.Explicit appeals to common in-group membership
3.Constructing Aspirational Identities
4.Implicit displays of rhetorical alignment
Strategies Political Communicators use to identify with the people
◆ Dealing with the problem of audience diversity by siding with the one group against another
(e.g. the act of siding with the “ordinary people” in opposition to the “elite” by the populist politicians)
Taking and avoiding sides
Strategies Political Communicators use to identify with the people
◆ Presenting an argument that appears to incorporate divergent points of view
Taking and avoiding sides
Strategies Political Communicators use to identify with the people
◆ Regrouping diverse communities into a single overarching identity category
Explicit appeals to common in-group membership
Strategies Political Communicators use to identify with the people
◆ Framing the leader’s own political project as the norms and values of that identity category
Explicit appeals to common in-group membership
Strategies Political Communicators use to identify with the people
◆ A speaker is not confined to constructing a common rhetorical in-group located in the narrative here-and–now, but can speak to and on behalf of “a people that is not… yet”
➔ Constructing Aspirational Identities
Strategies Political Communicators use to identify with the people
◆ When a speaker is acting as advocate for a group that is currently positioned outside or on the margins of a particular political community
➔ Constructing Aspirational Identities
Strategies Political Communicators use to identify with the people
◆ Public display of identity
➔ Implicit displays of rhetorical alignment
Strategies Political Communicators use to identify with the people
◆ Forging identity or oneness with the target audience with the use of address, body posture, style of speech that resonate with the people
➔ Implicit displays of rhetorical alignment
