M2: Chapter 2 Flashcards
Process of determining truth or knowledge through EXPERIMENTATION, inductive and deductive reasoning, and hypothesis
Scientific Method
Another term for scientific method?
Empirical Method
Involves QUESTION to stimulate critical thinking
Socratic Method
DISCOURSE/DEBATE between people with differing views aiming to establish truth though reasoned argumentation
Dialectic Method
What are the two major types of logic?
(1) Deductive Reasoning and (2) Inductive Reasoning
General principles to specific instances
Deductive Reasoning
Specific instances to general principles
Inductive Reasoning
Able to judge or discerning. Ability to engage in reflective and independent thinking.
Critical Thinking
Series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reading that claim or opinion is truthful.
Arguments
What do you call the mistakes and error of the arguments?
Logical Fallacies
When an argument attacks the personal traits of an individual instead of addressing the argument itself
Ad Hominem
Using threat of force to advance an argument
Ad Baculum (Appeal to Force)
Using emotions such as pity or sympathy
Appeal to Pity
The idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people accept it
Ad Populum (Appeal to Majority)
The idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time
As Antiquities (Appeal to Tradition)
Assuming that what is true of a part, is true for the whole
Fallacy of Composition
Assuming that what is true for the whole is true for its parts
Fallacy of Division
Assumes the truth of the conclusion. Roaming around the bush
Begging the Question (Circular Reasoning)
Assuming a cause and effect relationship between unrelated events
Post Hoc (Cause and Effect)
Personal views of the person presenting it
Bias
Tendency to judge a persons personality. Ignored the external factors and conclude right away
Correspondence Bias
Tendency to look for and accept information in a way that confirms one’s own beliefs and reject ideas that go against it
Confirmation bias
When a person decision making is unduly influenced by a secondary interest, typically one that can bring personal benefit, which may compromise their primary responsibility or objective integrity
Conflict of Interest
Analyzing or issue based on one’s cultural standards
Cultural Bias
People decide between options based on whether the options are presented with positive or negative connotations
Framing Bias
