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M104 T2 > M104 T2 L4 (theory not diagrams) > Flashcards

M104 T2 L4 (theory not diagrams) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the electron transport chain otherwise known as?

A

the respiratory chain

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2
Q

How is the long isoprenoid tail of coenzyme Q beneficial?

A

allows coenzyme Q to be soluble in the membrane

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3
Q

How do the soluble linking proteins of the e- transport chain move in the membrane?

A

they are free to move in the membrane by diffusion, rather than being part of the complexes

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4
Q

How many sub units is Complex 1 made up of?

A

44 different sub-units

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5
Q

Why is the ETC fully dependent on o2 availability?

A

bc oxygen functions as the final acceptor of electrons. - it is needed at the last stage for Complex 4 to work

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6
Q

What are the ionic chargest of ADP and ATP?

A 
ADP = -3
ATP = -4
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7
Q

What is atractyloside an inhibitor of?

A

adenine nucleotide translocase

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8
Q

What are the two functional domains of ATP synthase?

A

Fo, a proton channel

F1, an ATP synthase

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9
Q

What is the role of ATP synthase?

A

required for ATP synthesis

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10
Q

What does Fo represent?

A

an oligomycin-sensitive proton channel

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11
Q

What does F1 represent?

A

an ATP synthase

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12
Q

Where are the Fo and F1 domains of ATP synthase located?

A

Fo- is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane

F1 - sticks out of the inner mitochondrial membrane and into the matrix

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13
Q

How is Fo divided?

A

into three different types of subunit: a, b, and c

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14
Q

How many subunits are in each complex of Fo?

A

13-15 subunits

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15
Q

What is special about subunits c1-10 in Fo?

A

their arrangement is circular

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16
Q

How is F1 divided?

A

five subunits

17
Q

What are the five different subunit types in F1?

A 
alpha-3 (x3 subunits)
beta-3 (x3 subunits)
gamma
delta
epsilon
18
Q

How many subunits are in each complex of F1?

A

nine subunits

19
Q

What is special about the beta-3 subunits in F1?

A

they have catalytic sites for ATP synthesis

20
Q

What is the arrangement for alpha and beta subunits in F1?

A

they are alternately arranged
circular arrangement like segments of an orange
forms a knob-like structure held by a stalk of the gamma and epsilon subunits

21
Q

What does the theory of rotational catalysis describe?

A

the three beta subunits of F1 taking it in turns to catalyse the synthesis of ATP

22
Q

What happens during the theory of rotational catalysis?

A

Any given beta subunit starts in a conformation for binding ADP and Pi
the beta subunit then changes conformation so the active site now binds the product ATP and Pi more tightly
a further change in conformation lowers the active site’s affinity for ATP (‘beta-empty’ conformation)
this allows the ATP to be released

23
Q

What is the effect of the gamma-unit rotating?

A

it changes the properties of the beta-catalytic units

they are no longer able to bind the raw materials (ADP and Pi)

24
Q

What is the rotation of the F1 subunit of ATP synthase driven by?

A

its driven by the E harnessed from H+ ions re-entering the matrix from the intermembrane space

25
Q

What is the final yield of ATPs per one molecule of glucose via the ETC?

A

either 30 or 32 molecules of ATP

26
Q

What is the role of uncouplers?

A

to allow H+ ions back into the matrix of the mitochondria by channels other than ATP synthase (bypassing)
to sever the link between e- flow and ATP synthesis, with the E being released as heat

27
Q

What is an example of an uncoupler?

A

DNP

28
Q

How can the uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation occur?

A

naturally - UCP1 (found in mitochondria)

pharmacologically - DNP

29
Q

Where is UCP1 found?

A

in brown adipose tissue

30
Q

What is special about UCP1?

A

it has a specific H+ channel through which the [H+] may be dissipated - E released as heat

31
Q

What is a unique feature of brown adipose tissue?

A

has high numbers of mitochondria

32
Q

What is brown adipose tissue specialised for?

A

heat generation

33
Q

In what groups of people is brown adipose tissue important for?

A

new-borns (they’re very susceptible to hypothermia)

has a possible role in obesity / diabetes

34
Q

What is the history of DNP?

A

was used in the 1930s as a slimming drug

it’s toxic - is now used as a pesticide

35
Q

What causes DNP to be toxic?

A

liver damage, respiratory acidosis and hyperthermia

36
Q

What are the names of the different complexes?

A

complex I: NADH dehydrogenase
complex II: Succinate dehydrogenase
complex III: Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c oxidoreductase
complex IV: Cytochrome oxidase

M104 T2 (15 decks)

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