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M104 T2 > M104 T2 L4 (biochem diagram info only, rest at the end) > Flashcards

M104 T2 L4 (biochem diagram info only, rest at the end) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the overall outcome of the series of reactions in the electron transport chain?

A

to oxidise NADH to NAD+

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2
Q

What is the equation for the oxidation of NADH?

A

NADH + H+ + 1/2 O2 = NAD+ + H2O

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3
Q

What is the energy released by the oxidation of NADH used for?

A

it’s used to produce ATP by the tight coupling of these reactions

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4
Q

What are the four component proteins of the electron transport chain?

A

Complex I, II, III and IV (1 - 4)

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5
Q

What are the soluble proteins that link the four component proteins of the electron transport chain?

A

coenzyme Q

cytochrome C

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6
Q

What is coenzyme Q otherwise known as?

A

Ubiquinone

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7
Q

What is the function of the e- transport chain?

A

to accept electrons from NADH or from FADH2 and use the energy to move or pump protons into the intermembrane space

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8
Q

Where is Complex 1 located?

A

embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane

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9
Q

What happens to FMN in Complex 1?

A

it is reduced to FMNH2 by accepting electrons

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10
Q

What happens once FMNH2 has been produced?

A

the electrons are subsequently transferred to a whole series of these iron-sulphur clusters

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11
Q

What is the role of iron-sulphur clusters in Complex 1?

A

to accept and then donate electrons to coenzyme Q

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12
Q

What is the overall equation that is catalysed by NADH dehydrogenase?

A

NADH + H+ + Q = NAD+ + QH2

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13
Q

What type of structures is Complex 1?

A

an enzyme

a proton pump

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14
Q

Why is Complex 1 a proton pump?

A

bc it moves protons from the matrix into the intramitochondrial space

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15
Q

What reaction does Complex 2 catalyse?

A

it catalyses this conversion of succinate to fumarate

produces FAD, a reduced FADH2

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16
Q

How is FAD in Complex 2 reduced to FADH2?

A

using electrons gained from the conversion of succinate to fumarate in the TCA cycle

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17
Q

What happens to FADH2 when it is produced in Complex 2?

A

it is re-oxidized by passing those electrons again onto ubiquinone

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18
Q

What are the different sources / entry points of electrons entering the electron transport chain?

A

TCA cycle at Complex 1 via NADH
TCA cycle at Complex 2 via succinate dehydrogenase
the Glycerol-3-phosphates shuttle directly into ubiquinone
ETF:Q oxidoreductase

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19
Q

What is the role of ETF:Q oxidoreductase?

A

to accept electrons from the FADH2 that is generated in the first step of beta oxidation of fatty acids

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20
Q

What is different about the outcome of e-s entering the ETC via complex 2 or via ubiquinone directly?

A

they bypass Complex 1

so overall there are four fewer H+ ions pumped into the intramembrane space than if they entered through Complex 1

21
Q

From where does Complex 3 accept electrons?

A

reduced ubiquinone

22
Q

What happens to the electrons gained by Complex 3?

A

it passes them to Complex 4 via Cytochrome C

23
Q

Which complexes in the ETC are also proton pumps?

A

1, 3 and 4

24
Q

What is the equation that represents the reaction for the synthesis of ATP?

A

ADP3- + Pi2- + H+ —> ATP4- + H2O

25
Q

What are the three specific systems in the membrane?

A 
transport ADP and iP into the matrix
synthesise ATP (in the inner mitochondrial membrane)
transports ATP into the cytosol
26
Q

What is the role of ANT?

A

an antiporter - it moves ADP3- into the matrix from the intramitochondrial membrane space
simultaneously transports ATP out into the cytosol
moves two in different directions

27
Q

Where is ANT located?

A

in the inner mitochondrial membrane

28
Q

Why is ANT used to move ATP and ADP rather than another structure?

A

bc it is favoured by the electrochemical gradient that has been generated by the proton pump

29
Q

What is the overall charge in the intermembrane space?

A

very positively charged due to the H+ ions being pumped from the matrix

30
Q

What is the electrochemical gradient like when ANT is used to move ATP and ADP?

A

the intermembrane space is very positive compared to the matrix
so ADP with 3 negative charges being swapped for one with 4 negative charges is greatly favoured by this electrochemical gradient

31
Q

Why is atractyloside highly poisonous?

A

bc it prevents ATP production in cells by oxidative phosphorylation bc there is insufficient ADP in the matrix to be able to generate ATP
there is insufficient ATP that that could be transported into the cytosol for use in keeping the cell viable

32
Q

What two processes is phosphate translocase involved in?

A

oxidative phosphorylation and ATP synthesis

33
Q

Why is phosphate translocase a symporter?

A

bc it transports both phosphate and hydrogen ions into the matrix - in the same direction

34
Q

Why is phosphate translocase used to move phosphate and H+ rather than another structure?

A

bc it is favoured by the transmembrane proton gradient

35
Q

What type of reaction is the oxidation of NADH?

A

a highly exergonic reaction

the reaction is exergonic enough to allow that pumping of H+ ions across the membrane

36
Q

What is the oxidation of NADH coupled to?

A

it’s coupled to the movements of H+ ions across the inner membrane

37
Q

In the respiration equation, why are 6 co2s made?

A

bc it starts with a 6C compound and we progressively lose two molecules of CO2 per turn of the TCA cycle

38
Q

What is the final yield of ATPs per one molecule of glucose via the ETC?

A

either 30 or 32 molecules of ATP

39
Q

What is the total yield of ATPs per glucose calculation based on?

A

on the basis that 2.5 ATP produced per every 10 protons pumped from the matrix

40
Q

For every 2 e-s entering the respiratory chain at Complex I, how many protons are pumped across the membrane?

A

ten protons

41
Q

For e-s entering the respiratory chain at Complex 2, how many protons are pumped across the membrane?

A

six protons

42
Q

For e-s entering the respiratory chain at Complex 2, how many moles of ATP are yielded?

A

1.5 moles of ATP

43
Q

What is the final ATP yield of glycolysis?

A

2x ATPs

44
Q

Which method of ATP synthesis is more efficient, glycolysis or the ETC?

A

ETC - 30 or 32 ATPs

glycolysis - 2 ATPs

45
Q

What is special about UCP1?

A

it has a specific H+ channel through which the [H+] may be dissipated - E released as heat

46
Q

What is the role of DNP?

A

to cross membranes ‘ferrying’ H+ across

provides an alternative mean by which H+ ions can re-enter the matrix

47
Q

What does DNP do with its protons?

A

each DNP mlc collects a proton from the IMS and moves through the membrane with it, depositing it in the matrix
repeats

48
Q

What are the names of the different complexes?

A

complex I: NADH dehydrogenase
complex II: Succinate dehydrogenase
complex III: Coenzyme Q - cytochrome c oxidoreductase
complex IV: Cytochrome oxidase

M104 T2 (15 decks)

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