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M104 T2 > M104 T2 L2 > Flashcards

M104 T2 L2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the suffix of anabolic and catabolic reactions?

A

ana: -genesis (building up)
cata: -lysis (breaking down)

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2
Q

What is E required for?

A

Motion (muscle contraction)
Transport (of ions/molecules across membranes)
Biosynthesis of essential metabolites
Thermoregulation

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3
Q

Why can’t heat flow be used as a source of E for cells?

A

bc cells are isothermal systems - they maintain a constant temp
heat flow can only be used as a source of E when it passes from an area of higher to lower temp

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4
Q

What gives cells E?

A

sources of free E from nutrient molecules

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5
Q

What is the eq linking entropy, enthalpy and Gibbs free E?

A

{} G = {} H- T{}S

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6
Q

What is represented by the change in enthalpy?

A

the kinds and numbers of chemical bonds broken and formed

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7
Q

When is the change in enthalpy positive?

A

when E is absorbed by the reaction

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8
Q

What is represented by the change in entropy?

A

the formation of large complex molecules from smaller molecules or vice versa

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9
Q

When is the change in entropy positive?

A

when randomness increases (catabolic reactions)

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10
Q

What is the Gibbs free E change of a reaction?

A

the maximum E that can be obtained from a reaction at constant temperature and pressure

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11
Q

When is a reaction spontaneous / exergonic?

A

If the concentration of the products are greater than the concentration of the reactants at EQL

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12
Q

Is free E negative or positive in exergonic reactions?

A

negative values - under zero

release E

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13
Q

When is a reaction unfavourable / endergonic?

A

If the concentration of the reactants are greater than the concentration of the products at EQL

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14
Q

Is free E negative or positive in endergonic reactions?

A

positive values, greater than zero

needs E input

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15
Q

What is the relationship between the free E of products and reactants in exergonic reactions?

A

free E of reactants are much higher than those of the products
so products are more stable than the reactants
formation of product is “downhill”
this makes for a spontaneous / exergonic reaction
these are involved in catabolism

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16
Q

What is the relationship between the free E of products and reactants in endergonic reactions?

A

free E of products are much higher than those of the reactants
so reactants are more stable than the products
formation of product is “uphill”
this makes for a unfavourable / endergonic reaction
these are involved in anabolism

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17
Q

How do anabolic reactions start in cells if E input is required to start the reaction?

A

by the coupling of reactions

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18
Q

How does the coupling of reactions work?

A

by coupling an endergonic reaction with an exergonic reaction through a common intermediate to drive it in the forward direction

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19
Q

How is the coupling of reactions used in the body?

A

used to trigger unfavourable reactions in cells

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20
Q

What is a reaction that goes by the coupling of reactions?

A

the phosphorylation of glucose

the hydrolysis of ATP

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21
Q

How does the coupling of reactions work for ATP and glucose?

A

they both involve water and a phosphate
so these are crossed out
combine the reactions into reactants and products
use the two values of each reaction to calculate an overall gibbs free E change

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22
Q

In what form are ATP or ADP found in in cells?

A

as a complex with magnesium ions

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23
Q

How is ATP / ADP binding with magnesium ions in a complex useful?

A

the magnesium ions interact with the oxygens of the triphosphate chain
this makes the complex more susceptible to cleavage in the phosphoryl transfer reaction

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24
Q

What is the effect of a magnesium deficiency and why?

A

impairs virtually all metabolism
bc mg forms a complex with atp or adp
allows the phosphoryl transfer reaction to happen easier

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25
What happens during the process of substrate-level phosphorylation?
a substrate donates a phosphate group | a molecule of ADP can receive this phosphate group to make a molecule of ATP
26
What is the difference between substrate-level phosphorylation and respiration linked phosphorylation?
they require different things to be involved and different conditions
27
What do substrate-level phosphorylations require?
soluble enzymes | chemical intermediates
28
What do respiration linked phosphorylations require?
membrane-bound enzymes transmembrane gradients of protons oxygen
29
What do enzymes NOT affect?
the gibbs free E change
30
What are the two most common types of enzyme?
oxidoreductases | transferases
31
What is the role of oxidoreductases?
they catalyse the transfer of electrons | redox reactions
32
What is the role of transferases?
they catalyse the transfer of functional groups
33
What are most coenzymes derived from?
vitamins
34
How do co factors participate in enzymatic reactions?
they cycle between oxidised and reduced forms
35
How do cosubstrates work?
they have a loose association with their enzyme | they diffuse between enzymes carrying electrons
36
What are the two types of cofactors?
metal ions | co enzymes
37
What are the two groups of coenzymes?
prosthetic groups | cosubstrates
38
What is the role of prosthetic groups?
they act as a temporary store for e- or intermediates they stay attached to the substrate for the whole reaction they aren't released as part of the reaction
39
Which two co enzymes have central roles in metabolism?
Riboflavin (B2) | Niacin
40
What type of co-enzyme is Niacin?
NAD+
41
What type of co-enzyme is Riboflavin?
FAD or FMN
42
What type of co-enzyme class does Riboflavin come under?
it's a prosthetic group
43
What type of co-enzyme class does Niacin come under?
Cosubstrate
44
What is the function of redox coenzymes and prosthetic groups?
to accept electrons and to transfer them to the respiratory chain in order to generate ATP
45
How is NAD+ reduced?
it accepted two electrons and one hydrogen
46
What is NAD+ reduced to?
NADH
47
How is FAD reduced?
it accepted two electrons and two hydrogens
48
What is FAD reduced to?
FADH2
49
What are the reduced forms of NAD+ and NADP+?
NADH NADPH by accepting pairs of electrons
50
What is the functional part of the NADP+ molecule?
the nicotinamide ring
51
What pathway is NADH used for?
ATP synthesis
52
What pathway is NADPH used for?
reductive biosynthesis
53
What happens to NADH and FADH2 in the mitochondria?
they are constantly being recycled to their oxidised form by transferring their electrons to the respiratory chain in the mitochondria
54
What reaction is the respiratory chain coupled with?
ATP synthesis
55
What two reactions make up oxidative phosphorylation?
ATP synthesis | respiratory chain reaction
56
Where does the first part of cellular respiration occur?
in the cytosol
57
What cellular respiration reactions occur in the cytosol?
glycolysis
58
What is the glycolysis reaction that occurs in the cytosol?
the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate
59
Where does the second part of cellular respiration occur?
in the mitochondria
60
What happens in the mitochondria during the second part of cellular respiration?
pyruvate < acetyl coA < (citric acid cycle) < (electron transport chain) < E
61
By what intermediataries does glucose (6C) turn into G3P?
``` 6C glucose 3C x2 pyruvate G6P F6P FBP DHAP (or G3P) G3P ```
62
In the phophorylation of glucose into G3P by hexokinase, what is required?
ATP | it will turn into ADP
63
What catalyses G6P into F6P?
isomerase
64
What catalyses F6P into FBP?
PFK-1 | requires ATP to turn into ADP
65
How does the committed step regulate glycolysis?
it controls the activity of PFK-1 | which is responsible for turning F6P into FBP
66
What is the relationship between G3P and DHAP?
they are interchangeable only DHAP continues into the next part of glycolysis but eventually all G3P turns into DHAP
67
How is G3P or DHAP produced?
from FBP with the help of aldolase
68
In what order of reaction types does glycolysis occur?
priming reactions | payoff reactions
69
By what intermediataries does GTP turn into pyruvate?
``` GTP 1,3 BPG 3-phosphoglycerate 2-phosphoglycerate phosphoenylpyruvate pyruvate ```
70
How is 1,3 BPG produced?
from GTP via GADPH and NAD+ which turns into NADH
71
How is 3-phosphoglycerate ​produced?
from 1,3 BPG via PGK and ADP which turns into ATP
72
How is 2-phosphoglycerate ​produced?
from 3-phosphoglycerate | via mutase
73
How is phosphoenylpyruvate ​produced?
from phosphoenylpyruvate | via enolase
74
How is pyruvate ​produced from phosphoenylpyruvate?
via pyruvate kinase | and ADP which turns into ATP
75
Which steps of glycolysis come under substrate level phosphorylation steps?
from the production of 3-phosphoglycerate | to the production of pyruvate
76
Two cycles of payoff reactions (G3P to pyruvate) will produce what?
one metabolised molecule of glucose
77
What do the priming reactions cover?
the conversion of glucose into G3P
78
Why are they called priming reactions?
bc they require the investment of ATP at the hexokinase and PFK-1 reactions
79
What enzymes are involved in glycolysis?
``` Hexokinase Phosphoglucose isomerase PFK-1 Aldolase Triose phosphate isomerase ```
80
What is used and generated in the priming stage?
2 ATP mlcs are used | 2 interconvertible C3 mlcs are produced (DHAP and GAP)
81
What is generated in the priming stage?
4 ATP 2 NADH various intermediates
82
What happens when pyruvate is oxidised with oxygen?
produces co2 and water
83
What happens when pyruvate in hypoxic conditions?
reduced to lactate by the enzyme lactase dehydrogenase in a reversible reaction so when o2 is present, oxidation

M104 T2 (15 decks)

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