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M104 T2 > M104 T2 L2 > Flashcards

M104 T2 L2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the suffix of anabolic and catabolic reactions?

A

ana: -genesis (building up)
cata: -lysis (breaking down)

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2
Q

What is E required for?

A

Motion (muscle contraction)
Transport (of ions/molecules across membranes)
Biosynthesis of essential metabolites
Thermoregulation

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3
Q

Why can’t heat flow be used as a source of E for cells?

A

bc cells are isothermal systems - they maintain a constant temp
heat flow can only be used as a source of E when it passes from an area of higher to lower temp

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4
Q

What gives cells E?

A

sources of free E from nutrient molecules

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5
Q

What is the eq linking entropy, enthalpy and Gibbs free E?

A

{} G = {} H- T{}S

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6
Q

What is represented by the change in enthalpy?

A

the kinds and numbers of chemical bonds broken and formed

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7
Q

When is the change in enthalpy positive?

A

when E is absorbed by the reaction

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8
Q

What is represented by the change in entropy?

A

the formation of large complex molecules from smaller molecules or vice versa

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9
Q

When is the change in entropy positive?

A

when randomness increases (catabolic reactions)

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10
Q

What is the Gibbs free E change of a reaction?

A

the maximum E that can be obtained from a reaction at constant temperature and pressure

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11
Q

When is a reaction spontaneous / exergonic?

A

If the concentration of the products are greater than the concentration of the reactants at EQL

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12
Q

Is free E negative or positive in exergonic reactions?

A

negative values - under zero

release E

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13
Q

When is a reaction unfavourable / endergonic?

A

If the concentration of the reactants are greater than the concentration of the products at EQL

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14
Q

Is free E negative or positive in endergonic reactions?

A

positive values, greater than zero

needs E input

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15
Q

What is the relationship between the free E of products and reactants in exergonic reactions?

A

free E of reactants are much higher than those of the products
so products are more stable than the reactants
formation of product is “downhill”
this makes for a spontaneous / exergonic reaction
these are involved in catabolism

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16
Q

What is the relationship between the free E of products and reactants in endergonic reactions?

A

free E of products are much higher than those of the reactants
so reactants are more stable than the products
formation of product is “uphill”
this makes for a unfavourable / endergonic reaction
these are involved in anabolism

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17
Q

How do anabolic reactions start in cells if E input is required to start the reaction?

A

by the coupling of reactions

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18
Q

How does the coupling of reactions work?

A

by coupling an endergonic reaction with an exergonic reaction through a common intermediate to drive it in the forward direction

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19
Q

How is the coupling of reactions used in the body?

A

used to trigger unfavourable reactions in cells

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20
Q

What is a reaction that goes by the coupling of reactions?

A

the phosphorylation of glucose

the hydrolysis of ATP

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21
Q

How does the coupling of reactions work for ATP and glucose?

A

they both involve water and a phosphate
so these are crossed out
combine the reactions into reactants and products
use the two values of each reaction to calculate an overall gibbs free E change

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22
Q

In what form are ATP or ADP found in in cells?

A

as a complex with magnesium ions

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23
Q

How is ATP / ADP binding with magnesium ions in a complex useful?

A

the magnesium ions interact with the oxygens of the triphosphate chain
this makes the complex more susceptible to cleavage in the phosphoryl transfer reaction

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24
Q

What is the effect of a magnesium deficiency and why?

A

impairs virtually all metabolism
bc mg forms a complex with atp or adp
allows the phosphoryl transfer reaction to happen easier

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25
Q

What happens during the process of substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

a substrate donates a phosphate group

a molecule of ADP can receive this phosphate group to make a molecule of ATP

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26
Q

What is the difference between substrate-level phosphorylation and respiration linked phosphorylation?

A

they require different things to be involved and different conditions

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27
Q

What do substrate-level phosphorylations require?

A

soluble enzymes

chemical intermediates

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28
Q

What do respiration linked phosphorylations require?

A

membrane-bound enzymes
transmembrane gradients of protons
oxygen

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29
Q

What do enzymes NOT affect?

A

the gibbs free E change

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30
Q

What are the two most common types of enzyme?

A

oxidoreductases

transferases

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31
Q

What is the role of oxidoreductases?

A

they catalyse the transfer of electrons

redox reactions

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32
Q

What is the role of transferases?

A

they catalyse the transfer of functional groups

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33
Q

What are most coenzymes derived from?

A

vitamins

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34
Q

How do co factors participate in enzymatic reactions?

A

they cycle between oxidised and reduced forms

35
Q

How do cosubstrates work?

A

they have a loose association with their enzyme

they diffuse between enzymes carrying electrons

36
Q

What are the two types of cofactors?

A

metal ions

co enzymes

37
Q

What are the two groups of coenzymes?

A

prosthetic groups

cosubstrates

38
Q

What is the role of prosthetic groups?

A

they act as a temporary store for e- or intermediates
they stay attached to the substrate for the whole reaction
they aren’t released as part of the reaction

39
Q

Which two co enzymes have central roles in metabolism?

A

Riboflavin (B2)

Niacin

40
Q

What type of co-enzyme is Niacin?

A

NAD+

41
Q

What type of co-enzyme is Riboflavin?

A

FAD or FMN

42
Q

What type of co-enzyme class does Riboflavin come under?

A

it’s a prosthetic group

43
Q

What type of co-enzyme class does Niacin come under?

A

Cosubstrate

44
Q

What is the function of redox coenzymes and prosthetic groups?

A

to accept electrons and to transfer them to the respiratory chain in order to generate ATP

45
Q

How is NAD+ reduced?

A

it accepted two electrons and one hydrogen

46
Q

What is NAD+ reduced to?

A

NADH

47
Q

How is FAD reduced?

A

it accepted two electrons and two hydrogens

48
Q

What is FAD reduced to?

A

FADH2

49
Q

What are the reduced forms of NAD+ and NADP+?

A

NADH
NADPH
by accepting pairs of electrons

50
Q

What is the functional part of the NADP+ molecule?

A

the nicotinamide ring

51
Q

What pathway is NADH used for?

A

ATP synthesis

52
Q

What pathway is NADPH used for?

A

reductive biosynthesis

53
Q

What happens to NADH and FADH2 in the mitochondria?

A

they are constantly being recycled to their oxidised form by transferring their electrons to the respiratory chain in the mitochondria

54
Q

What reaction is the respiratory chain coupled with?

A

ATP synthesis

55
Q

What two reactions make up oxidative phosphorylation?

A

ATP synthesis

respiratory chain reaction

56
Q

Where does the first part of cellular respiration occur?

A

in the cytosol

57
Q

What cellular respiration reactions occur in the cytosol?

A

glycolysis

58
Q

What is the glycolysis reaction that occurs in the cytosol?

A

the breakdown of glucose into pyruvate

59
Q

Where does the second part of cellular respiration occur?

A

in the mitochondria

60
Q

What happens in the mitochondria during the second part of cellular respiration?

A

pyruvate < acetyl coA < (citric acid cycle) < (electron transport chain) < E

61
Q

By what intermediataries does glucose (6C) turn into G3P?

A 
6C glucose
3C x2 pyruvate
G6P
F6P
FBP
DHAP (or G3P)
G3P
62
Q

In the phophorylation of glucose into G3P by hexokinase, what is required?

A

ATP

it will turn into ADP

63
Q

What catalyses G6P into F6P?

A

isomerase

64
Q

What catalyses F6P into FBP?

A

PFK-1

requires ATP to turn into ADP

65
Q

How does the committed step regulate glycolysis?

A

it controls the activity of PFK-1

which is responsible for turning F6P into FBP

66
Q

What is the relationship between G3P and DHAP?

A

they are interchangeable
only DHAP continues into the next part of glycolysis
but eventually all G3P turns into DHAP

67
Q

How is G3P or DHAP produced?

A

from FBP with the help of aldolase

68
Q

In what order of reaction types does glycolysis occur?

A

priming reactions

payoff reactions

69
Q

By what intermediataries does GTP turn into pyruvate?

A 
GTP
1,3 BPG
3-phosphoglycerate
2-phosphoglycerate
phosphoenylpyruvate
pyruvate
70
Q

How is 1,3 BPG produced?

A

from GTP
via GADPH
and NAD+ which turns into NADH

71
Q

How is 3-phosphoglycerate ​produced?

A

from 1,3 BPG
via PGK
and ADP which turns into ATP

72
Q

How is 2-phosphoglycerate ​produced?

A

from 3-phosphoglycerate

via mutase

73
Q

How is phosphoenylpyruvate ​produced?

A

from phosphoenylpyruvate

via enolase

74
Q

How is pyruvate ​produced from phosphoenylpyruvate?

A

via pyruvate kinase

and ADP which turns into ATP

75
Q

Which steps of glycolysis come under substrate level phosphorylation steps?

A

from the production of 3-phosphoglycerate

to the production of pyruvate

76
Q

Two cycles of payoff reactions (G3P to pyruvate) will produce what?

A

one metabolised molecule of glucose

77
Q

What do the priming reactions cover?

A

the conversion of glucose into G3P

78
Q

Why are they called priming reactions?

A

bc they require the investment of ATP at the hexokinase and PFK-1 reactions

79
Q

What enzymes are involved in glycolysis?

A 
Hexokinase                           
Phosphoglucose isomerase      
PFK-1                                   
Aldolase             
Triose phosphate isomerase
80
Q

What is used and generated in the priming stage?

A

2 ATP mlcs are used

2 interconvertible C3 mlcs are produced (DHAP and GAP)

81
Q

What is generated in the priming stage?

A

4 ATP
2 NADH
various intermediates

82
Q

What happens when pyruvate is oxidised with oxygen?

A

produces co2 and water

83
Q

What happens when pyruvate in hypoxic conditions?

A

reduced to lactate by the enzyme lactase dehydrogenase in a reversible reaction
so when o2 is present, oxidation

M104 T2 (15 decks)

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