M1: PHILOSPHICAL VIEWS OF THE SELF Flashcards
“know thyself”
socrates
he preferred to engage his students in endless discussion
socrates
the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline
philosophy
the 2 lenses of the philosophy of the self
empiricism and rationalism
derives explanations of the self from sensory and bodily responses. we know things because we have experienced it through our bodily senses
empiricism
there is innate knowledge; they differ in that they choose different objects of innate knowledge
rationalism
explains the self from the standpoint of what is “ideal” and the “truth”, not rooted in what is felt by the senses nor our body
rationalism
it is said that he had never written down any of his ideas but instead untiringly discussed concepts and principles with his students
socrates
he believed that the real self is not the physical body, but rather the psyche (soul)
socrates
according to him, the appearance of the body is inferior to its functions
socrates
“an unexamined life is not worth living”
socrates
according to him, the body is imperfect and impermanent, and the soul, called the real self, is perfect and permanent
socrates
he follows the dualistic approach of the self
socrates
according to socrates, the real self is not the physical body, but rather the ______________
psyche (soul)
socrates further posited that the _____________ of the body is inferior to its ______________
appearance, functions
according to socrates, the ________ is imperfect and impermanent, unlike the _______, which he calls the real self, is perfect and permanent
body, soul
belief that the mind and the body are 2 separate entities
dualism / dualistic approach
socrates’ prized student who thoroughly expounded on socrates’ idea of the self
plato
his conceptualization of the self was profoundly introduced in his dialogue, phaedrus
plato
the main idea of his dialogue is about truth-seeking, and that the truth can be distinguished in 2 forms: the metaphysical realm (mind) and the physical world (body)
plato
he suggested that the existence or the truth about the human self is fundamentally an intellectual entity whose nature exists independent from the physical world
plato
plato’s conceptualization of the self was profoundly introduced in his dialogue __________
phaedrus
be bifurcated the truth or reality into 2: the ontos (ideal), and the phenomena
plato
this is the main idea in plato’s dialogue
truth-seeking
according to plato, the truth can be distinguished into 2 forms:
metaphysical realm (mind), physical world (body)
plato suggested that the existence or the truth about the human self is fundamentally an ___________ whose nature exists _____________ from the physical world
intellectual entity, independent
plato bifurcated the truth or reality into these 2:
ontos (ideal), phenomena
according to plato, this is the ultimate reality which tend to be permanent and spiritual
ontos (ideal)
according to plato, this refers to the manifestation of the ideal. in contrast with ontos, this is imperfect, impermanent, and inferior to the latter.
phenomena
plato’s idea of the truth about the human self was even more expounded and formalized by his prized student, _________
aristotle
while plato emphasized the separation of ideal and phenomenal existence (or being), he suggested that the ideal is subsumed in the phenomena
aristotle
he suggested that the ideal is subsumed in the phenomena
aristotle
he called ideal as “essence” and the phenomena as “matter”. he also emphasized that these 2 co-exist and are co-dependent.
aristotle
according to him, essence provides meaning and purpose to the matter, and matter provides substance and solidarity to essence
aristotle
according to aristotle, the ___________ is subsumed in the _________________
ideal, phenomena
aristotle called ideal as “__________” and phenomena as “_______________”
essence, matter
aristotle emphasized that these 2 coexist and are codependent
essence and matter
according to aristotle, the ________ provides meaning and purpose to the matter
essence
according to aristotle, the matter provides substance and solidarity to the __________
essence
(excellence), what makes one function well; one’s full potential
arete
socrates’ orientation
idealism
plato’s orientation
idealism
aristotle’s orientation
empiricist
socrates’ philosophy
socratic philosophy
plato’s philosophy
dualism and idealism
aristotle’s philosophy
aristotelian philosophy
“knowledge is the personification of good, while ignorance is that of evil”
socrates - socratic philosphy
“self-knowledge is the ultimate virtue. as the ultimate virtue, it will lead to ultimate happiness”
socrates - socratic philosophy
____________ is the personification of good, while _______________ is that of evil
knowledge, ignorance
______________ is the ultimate virtue. as the ultimate virtue, it will lead to ______________
self-knowledge, ultimate happiness
“moral virtue is rooted in the intellect and leads to happines”
plato - dualism and idealism
“wisdom and knowledge leads to virtue which will lead to happiness”
plato - dualism and idealism
_________ is rooted in the intellect and leads to happiness
moral virtue
__________ and __________ is rooted in the intellect and leads to happiness
wisdom, knowledge
“ideal is found inside the phenomena and the universals inside the particulars”
aristotle -aristotelian philosophy
“ideals are essence and phenomena is matter”
aristotle - aristotelian philosophy
“matter has no form and essence has no mass; matter and essence need each other”
aristotle - aristotelian philosophy
________ is found in the _________ and the universals inside the particulars
ideal, phenomena
ideals are ________ and phenomena is _______
essence, matter
matter has no _________, and essence has no _________; they need each other
form, mass
st. augustine’s orientation
platonism
st. agustine’s philosophy
neoplatonism
according to him, all knowledge leads to god
st. augustine
according to him, only the pure in heart can see god
st. augustine
according to him, love of god, faith in him, and understanding of his gospel will ultimately lead to happiness
st. augustine
all _________ leads to god
knowledge
only ________________ can see god
the pure in heart
love of god, faith in hum, and understanding of his gospel will ultimately lead to ___________
happiness
orientation of descartes
rationalist
philosophy of descartes
mind-body dualism
“i think therefore i am”
descartes
“the mind and the soul can exist without the body”
descartes
“establishing the distinction of soul from the body can make people believe in the afterlife and the soul’s immortality”
descartes
the mind and the soul can exist without the _____
body
establishing the distinction of soul from the body can make people believe in the ______ and the soul’s ____________
afterlife, immortality
locke’s orientation
empiricist
locke’s philosophy
theory of personal identity
“it is in consciousness alone that identity exists, not on the body and soul”
locke
“there is distinction between man and person”
locke
“the soul may change, but consciousness remains intact”
locke
it is ________ alone that identity exists, not on the body and soul
consciousness
there is no distinction between _____ and _______
man, person
the ____ may change, but ___________ remains intact
soul, consciousness
hume’s orientation
empiricist
hume’s philosophy
skeptical philosophy
“all knowledge passes through the senses”
hume
“separate ideas can be joined in the mind”
hume
“there is no self, only a bundle of perceptions”
hume
all knowledge passes through the _______
senses
separate ideas can be joined in the _____
mind
there is no self, only a _____________
bundle of perceptions
kant’s orientation
rationalist / empiricist
kant’s philosophy
metaphysics of the self
“reason is the final authority of morality”
kant
“there is inner self and outer self”
kant
“the inner self includes rational reasoning and psychological state”
kant
“the outer self includes the body and the physical mind, where representation occurs”
kant
________ is the final authority of morality
reason
there is the ______ and _____ self
inner, outer
inner self includes _________ and _________
rational reasoning, psychological state
the outer self includes the __________ and __________, where representation occurs
body, physical mind
ryle’s orientation
empiricist
ryle’s philosophy
the concept of the mind
“i act therefore i am”
ryle
“the mind is not the seat of self”
ryle
“the mind is not a separate, parallel thing to our physical body”
ryle
“the mind is a category mistake, brought about by habitual use. the only way it can affect the other is through the external world”
ryle
the ____ is not the seat of the self; it is not a separate, parallel thing to our physical body
mind
churchland’s orientation
empiricist
churchland’s philosophy
neurophilosophy
“a fully matured neuroscience will eliminate the need for beliefs since they are not real”
churchland
“the physical brain gives us a sense of self”
churchland
the _________ gives us a sense of self
physical brain
merleau-ponty’s orientation
existentialism empiricist
merleau-ponty’s philosophy
phenomenology of perception
“both empiricism and intellectualism are flawed in nature”
merleau-ponty
“we are our bodies”
merleau-ponty
“our bodily experiences do not detach the subject/object, mind/body, rational/irrational”
merleau-ponty
