M1. Non-blood specimens: urine & stool. Flashcards
Three most common specimens:
- Urine
- Stool
- Blood
Urine & Stool characteristics:
- non-invasively collected.
- MTs do not collect it themselves.
test used for urine
Urinalysis
readily available in easily collected.
contains information about many of the body’s metabollic functions.
95% water & 5% solutes
Urine
good indicator of GIT health.
produced by the large intestine.
Stool
average daily output of Urine
Normal Daily Output
1200 mL-1500 mL
also considered as Normal Daily output because it depends on our fluid intake
600 mL - 2000 mL
decreased urine output.
occurs at excessive water loss.
Oliguria
400 mL/day (adults)
cessation of urine flow.
suggests severe kidney damage.
urine cannot pass/flow out of the body.
Anuria
increased excretion of urine during the
night.
maybe because of HORMONAL IMBALANCES/substance of use.
Nocturia
increased urine output.
marker for diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus
Polyuria
> 2.5 L/day (adults)
Organic Solutes
60-90% nitrogenous material (protein metabolism)
Urea
25.0-35.0 g
Organic Solutes
derived from creatine (muscle metabolism)
Creatinine
1.5 g
Organic Solutes
common compound of Kidney stones (purine metabolism)
Uric acid
0.4-1.0 g
Organic Solutes
derived from Benzoic acid.
Hippuric Acid
0.7 g
Inorganic Solutes
principal salt
NaCL
15.0 g
Inorganic Solutes
occurs as chloride, sulfate, phosphate salts
Potassium
3.3 g
Calcium
0.3 g
Magnesium
0.1 g
Inorganic Solutes
derived from amino acids
Sulfate
2.5 g
Inorganic Solutes
serves as buffers in blood
Phosphate
2.5 g
Inorganic Solutes
derived from protein & glutamine metabolism
Ammonium
0.7 g
Type of Urine Specimen
Random
Routine screening
Type of Urine Specimen
First morning
more concentrated (metabollites & analytes)
Routine Screening
Pregnancy tests
Orthostatic protein
Type of Urine Specimen
Midstream clean-catch
alternative to catheterized specimens
less traumatic
less contaminated by epithelial cells & bacteria
Routine screening
Bacterial culture
Type of Urine Specimen
Catherized
sterile hollow tube through the urethra into the
bladder
Bacterial culture
Type of Urine Specimen
Fasting
Diabetic screening/monitoring
Type of Urine Specimen
24-hr (or timed)
2-8 degrees C
Quantitative chemical tests/ quantitative measurements
Type of Urine Specimen
Suprapubic aspiration
pediatrics or for patients that have difficulty urinating
most sterile
can be used for MICROBIOLOGY
Bladder urine for bacterial culture
Cytology
Types of tampering in Urine drug sample collection:
adding other chemicals (such as bleach)
Adulteration
Types of tampering in Urine drug sample collection:
use another urine sample
Substitution
Types of tampering in Urine drug sample collection:
adding water to reduce the concentration
Dilution
documentation of sample handling.
properly documented.
Chain of Custody
Substances of the urine that need immediate testing:
Temp. (32.5-37.7 degrees C)
pH
color
specific gravity
prevent patients to
use toilet water to dilute specimen
Bluing dye
urine pH > 9
adulteration
urine specific gravity < 1.005
Dilution
urine should be tested within…
2 hrs.
Urine Preservatives:
doesn’t interfere w/ chemical tests
raises:
* specific gravity
* precipitates urates
* phosphates
Refrigeration
Urine Preservatives:
doesn’t interfere w/ routine test.
floats on surface of specimes & clings to pipettes & testing materials.
Toluene
Urine Preservatives:
doesn’t interfere w/ routine test.
causes odor change.
Phenol
Urine Preservatives:
ideal for Drug testing.
inhibits reagent strip tests.
Sodium Fluoride
Urine Preservatives:
preserves sediments.
interferes w/ chemical tests.
Formalin
Feces/Stool are ____ detect the presence of pathogenic bacteria & virus.
cultured
Fecalysis is for?
Occult blood
Fat content
Urobilinogen content
provided to screen for the presence of occult
(hidden) blood
meat-free diet for 3 days prior to the test
collect separate specimens for 3 successful days
Hema-screen guaiac slide test kit.
