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MLSP 112 (Lectures) > M1. Non-blood specimens: urine & stool. > Flashcards

M1. Non-blood specimens: urine & stool. Flashcards

1
Q

Three most common specimens:

A
  1. Urine
  2. Stool
  3. Blood
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2
Q

Urine & Stool characteristics:

A
  1. non-invasively collected.
  2. MTs do not collect it themselves.
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3
Q

test used for urine

A

Urinalysis

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4
Q

readily available in easily collected.

contains information about many of the body’s metabollic functions.

95% water & 5% solutes

A

Urine

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5
Q

good indicator of GIT health.

produced by the large intestine.

A

Stool

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6
Q

average daily output of Urine

Normal Daily Output

A

1200 mL-1500 mL

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7
Q

also considered as Normal Daily output because it depends on our fluid intake

A

600 mL - 2000 mL

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8
Q

decreased urine output.

occurs at excessive water loss.

A

Oliguria

400 mL/day (adults)

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9
Q

cessation of urine flow.

suggests severe kidney damage.

urine cannot pass/flow out of the body.

A

Anuria

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10
Q

increased excretion of urine during the
night.

maybe because of HORMONAL IMBALANCES/substance of use.

A

Nocturia

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11
Q

increased urine output.

marker for diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus

A

Polyuria

> 2.5 L/day (adults)

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12
Q

Organic Solutes

60-90% nitrogenous material (protein metabolism)

A

Urea
25.0-35.0 g

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13
Q

Organic Solutes

derived from creatine (muscle metabolism)

A

Creatinine

1.5 g

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14
Q

Organic Solutes

common compound of Kidney stones (purine metabolism)

A

Uric acid
0.4-1.0 g

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15
Q

Organic Solutes

derived from Benzoic acid.

A

Hippuric Acid
0.7 g

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16
Q

Inorganic Solutes

principal salt

A

NaCL
15.0 g

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17
Q

Inorganic Solutes

occurs as chloride, sulfate, phosphate salts

A

Potassium
3.3 g

Calcium
0.3 g

Magnesium
0.1 g

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18
Q

Inorganic Solutes

derived from amino acids

A

Sulfate
2.5 g

19
Q

Inorganic Solutes

serves as buffers in blood

A

Phosphate
2.5 g

20
Q

Inorganic Solutes

derived from protein & glutamine metabolism

A

Ammonium
0.7 g

21
Q

Type of Urine Specimen

Random

A

Routine screening

22
Q

Type of Urine Specimen

First morning

more concentrated (metabollites & analytes)

A

Routine Screening
Pregnancy tests
Orthostatic protein

23
Q

Type of Urine Specimen

Midstream clean-catch

alternative to catheterized specimens
less traumatic
less contaminated by epithelial cells & bacteria

A

Routine screening
Bacterial culture

24
Q

Type of Urine Specimen

Catherized

sterile hollow tube through the urethra into the
bladder

A

Bacterial culture

25
Q

Type of Urine Specimen

Fasting

A

Diabetic screening/monitoring

26
Q

Type of Urine Specimen

24-hr (or timed)

2-8 degrees C

A

Quantitative chemical tests/ quantitative measurements

27
Q

Type of Urine Specimen

Suprapubic aspiration

pediatrics or for patients that have difficulty urinating
most sterile
can be used for MICROBIOLOGY

A

Bladder urine for bacterial culture
Cytology

28
Q

Types of tampering in Urine drug sample collection:

adding other chemicals (such as bleach)

A

Adulteration

29
Q

Types of tampering in Urine drug sample collection:

use another urine sample

A

Substitution

30
Q

Types of tampering in Urine drug sample collection:

adding water to reduce the concentration

A

Dilution

31
Q

documentation of sample handling.

properly documented.

A

Chain of Custody

32
Q

Substances of the urine that need immediate testing:

A

Temp. (32.5-37.7 degrees C)
pH
color
specific gravity

33
Q

prevent patients to
use toilet water to dilute specimen

A

Bluing dye

34
Q

urine pH > 9

A

adulteration

35
Q

urine specific gravity < 1.005

A

Dilution

36
Q

urine should be tested within…

A

2 hrs.

37
Q

Urine Preservatives:

doesn’t interfere w/ chemical tests

raises:
* specific gravity
* precipitates urates
* phosphates

A

Refrigeration

38
Q

Urine Preservatives:

doesn’t interfere w/ routine test.

floats on surface of specimes & clings to pipettes & testing materials.

A

Toluene

39
Q

Urine Preservatives:

doesn’t interfere w/ routine test.

causes odor change.

A

Phenol

40
Q

Urine Preservatives:

ideal for Drug testing.

inhibits reagent strip tests.

A

Sodium Fluoride

41
Q

Urine Preservatives:

preserves sediments.

interferes w/ chemical tests.

A

Formalin

42
Q

Feces/Stool are ____ detect the presence of pathogenic bacteria & virus.

A

cultured

43
Q

Fecalysis is for?

A

Occult blood
Fat content
Urobilinogen content

44
Q

provided to screen for the presence of occult
(hidden) blood

meat-free diet for 3 days prior to the test
collect separate specimens for 3 successful days

A

Hema-screen guaiac slide test kit.

MLSP 112 (Lectures) (11 decks)

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