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MLSP 112 (Lectures) > F3. IMMUNOLOGY, SEROLOGY, & BLOOD BANKING > Flashcards

F3. IMMUNOLOGY, SEROLOGY, & BLOOD BANKING Flashcards

1
Q
  • study of immune system
  • Study of molecules, cells, tissue, organs, and systems whose function is to recognize and dispose harmful substances or foreign substances
  • Study of desirable and undesirable consequences of the immune system
A

IMMUNOLOGY

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2
Q
  • study of antigen-antibody reaction
  • Study of non-cellular component of the blood called SERUM

Samples used in serological test:
1. most commonly used

A

SEROLOGY

  1. Serum
  2. CSF
  3. Urine
  4. Stool
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3
Q

WHEN TO USE SEROLOGY?

A
  1. Unable to culture infectious agent
  2. Confirmation of etiologic ID of the specimens
  3. Diagnosis of immunologically-related disorders
  4. Determine immune status
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4
Q
  • Also known as FOREIGN SUBSTANCES
  • Stimulate the immune system
  • induce or elicit an immune response
  • induce or elicit the production of antibodies
A

ANTIGEN

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5
Q
  • Also knowns as IMMUNOGLOBULINS
  • One of the major substances produced by the immune system that will block harmful antigen
  • Find a specific antigen, bind to it, and then destroy it

Its functions?

A

ANTIBODIES

  1. cell toxicity
  2. neutralization
  3. opsonization
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6
Q

OVERVIEW OF SEROLOGICAL TEST

reactions we need to see in majority of the serological test

A
  1. Agglutination
  2. Precipitation
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7
Q
  • Antigens involved are particulate [very visual test & very visual reaction]
  • Clumping of reactants in serological test
A

Agglutination

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8
Q
  • Antigens involved are soluble antigens
  • Liquid form or formation of sediments in the mixture
A

Precipitation

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9
Q

DIFFERENT SEROLOGICAL TESTS
1. VDRL
2. ELISA
3. RPR

A
  1. VENEREAL DISEASE RESEARCH LABORATORY TEST
  2. ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY
  3. RAPID PLASMA REAGIN
  4. FLUORESCENT IMMUNOASSAY
  5. RADIOIMMUNOASSAY
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10
Q
  • Only use for screening for [bacterial infection of] syphilis, uses heated serum
  • Principle? [a water treatment process where solids form larger clusters, or flocs, to be removed from water]

similar to precipitation

A

VDRL

principle? flocculation

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11
Q
  • Also known as Enzyme immunoassay
  • Measures enzymatic reactions
  • Uses enzymes as labels
  • more prone to contamination
  • example of screening test that can be used for HIV

____ as their reagents to create a color reaction

A

ELISA

enzymatic reactions

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12
Q

three enzyme labels?

A
  1. highly stable
  2. extreme specificity
  3. cannot be altered by inhibitors
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13
Q
  • Only use for screening for syphilis, uses unheated serum
  • Principle: flocculation
A

RAPID PLASMA REAGIN

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14
Q
  • Uses fluorescent compounds known as fluorophores or fluorochrome as labels
  • there is a positive reaction when there is an emission of light from your specimen
A

FLUORESCENT IMMUNOASSAY

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15
Q
  • Uses radioactive substances as label
  • similar to fluorescent immunoassay in positive reactions
A

RADIOIMMUNOASSAY

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16
Q

ROLE OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM?

A
  • Defending the body against infections
  • Recognizing and responding to foreign antigens
  • Defending the body against the development of tumors
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17
Q
  • condition of being resistant to infection
  • recognition of foreign substances and subsequent production of antibodies to these substances

  • Can be classified as either ___ or ____.
A

IMMUNITY

innate or acquired
innate or natural immunity
acquired or adaptive immunity

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18
Q
  • Innate/non-adaptive/non-specific
  • Ability of an individual to resist infections by means of normally present body functions
  • present at birth
  • involves skin, WBCs, protein w/ immunity functions
A

NATURAL IMMUNITY

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19
Q
  • Adaptive or specific – a reaction resulting from invasion of foreign substances
  • Results from surviving an infection from a foreign substance
A

ACQUIRED IMMUNITY

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20
Q

Types of adaptive immunity:
1. body is involved and triggered in producing Abs.
2. body is supplied or has been given Abs.

A
  1. Active
  2. Passive

Natural & Artificial Active
Natural & Artificial Passive

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21
Q
  1. the source of that is an infection; being exposed then immune
  2. vaccine; body is involved in producing Abs.
A
  1. Natural Active
  2. Artificial Active
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22
Q
  1. mother’s breastmilk
  2. commercially prepared; medical-grade; blood donation
A
  1. Natural Passive
  2. Artificial Passive
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23
Q
  1. antibodies are produced by host
  2. longer immune response
A

Active Natural [infection]
Active Passive [vaccination]

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24
Q
  1. antibodies are not produced by host
  2. shorter immune response

  1. transfer in vivo or colustrum
  2. infusion of serum or plasma
A

Passive Natural & Passive Artificial

  1. Passive natural
  2. Passive artificial
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25
Q

Characteristics of 2 types of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. humoral-mediated immunity
  2. cell-mediated immunity
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26
Q
  • antibody mediated
  • b lymphocytes
  • antibodies in SERUM
  • primary defense against bacterial infection
A

humoral-mediated immunity

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27
Q
  • cell mediated
  • t lymphocytes
  • direct CELL-TO-CELL CONTACT/ SOLUBLE PRODUCTS secreted by cells
  • defense against VIRAL & FUNGAL INFECTIONS, INTRACELLULAR ORGANISMS, TUMOR ANTIGENS, & GRAFT REJECTION
A

cell-mediated immunity

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28
Q
  • the collection, processing, typing and storage of whole blood and other blood products
  • Also known as Immunohematology
  • Study of immunologic principles applied in blood group specific antigen and antibodies
  • mechanism of blood typing & crossmatching
  • detection & measurement of antibody titers [concentration of Abs from the vaccine]
  • bleeding techniques
  • proper labelling
  • storing & disposal of blood emphasis on quality assurance
A

BLOOD BANKING

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29
Q

2 types of blood typing?

A
  • forward/ direct typing
  • reverse/ back typing
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30
Q
  • detection of ANTIGENS
  • specimen? patient’s RBCs
  • reagent used? COMMERCIALLY PREPARED ANTI-SERA
A

Forward or Direct Typing

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31
Q
  • detection of ANTIBODIES
  • specimen? patient’s SERUM
  • reagent? COMMERCIALLY PREPARED RBCs SUSPENSION
  • check if the bloodtype of the forward is correct
A

Reverse or Back Typing

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32
Q

blood donor screening purpose?

A
  1. ensure the safety of the donor
  2. ensure the safety of the recipient
33
Q

FOUR TYPES OF BLOOD DONATION

A
  1. allogenic donation
  2. directed donation
  3. autologous donation
  4. apheresis donation
34
Q
  • Involves donation of blood for the use of general public
  • no direct patient/ no target patient
  • anyone who is in need of blood can use that
A

Allogenic donation

35
Q

Involves donation of blood use of specific patient

A

Directed donation

36
Q
  • Donate blood for your own use in the future
  • reserved when you have a rare blood type
A

Autologous donation

37
Q
  • Donate specific component of blood
  • blood has several components: plasma, RBC, WBC, PLTs
  • you are donating these components separately or just one of the components of whole blood
  • example of maximizing the blood product
A

Apheresis donation

38
Q

SIX STEPS IN DONOR SCREENING AND COLLECTION

A
  1. registration
  2. health/medical history
  3. physical examination
  4. phlebotomy [testing for any blood born disease]
  5. post-donation care
  6. serological testing of donor’s blood
39
Q
  • vital information from the donor

it includes?

A

REGISTRATION

  1. name
  2. address
  3. telephone nmber
  4. date & time of collection
  5. gender & birthdate
  6. age
40
Q

average amount of blood to be transfused

A

450 mL

41
Q

average volume of blood in the body of an adult

A

5-6 L

42
Q

fluid loss can be replenish in?

A

4 days

43
Q

iron loss can be replenish in?

A

56 days

44
Q

it takes ____ replace or produce or to take the lifespan of red blood cells

A

120 days

45
Q

you must have a ____ of the donor in the registration.

A

VALID ID

46
Q
  • Interview sheet or questionnaire must be given
  • Questionnaire are designed to ensure safety for the
    donor and recipient
A

HEALTH OR MEDICAL HISTORY INTERVIEW

47
Q

Physical examination in blood donor’s screening includes?

A
  1. weight
  2. temperature
  3. blood pressure
  4. pulse rate
  5. Hgb & Hct
48
Q

minimum weight requirement?

A

50 kg/ 110 lbs

49
Q

There should be ___ to be donated

A

10.5 mL/kg

50
Q

Maximum amount of blood for blood bag is?

A

525 mL

51
Q

volume of anticoagulant present in the blood bag?

A

63 mL

52
Q

Required temperature is not > ____

A

37° C or 99.5°F

53
Q

oxygen carrying capacity of blood?

A

Hgb

54
Q

volume of RBCs

A

Hct

55
Q

Standard method of Hgb & Hct?

A

cyanmethemoglobin

56
Q

Screening test of Hgb & Hct?

A

copper sulfate solution

57
Q
  • accepted
  • if the blood SINK WITHIN 15 SECS.
A

Hgb & Hct are > 12.5 g/dL

58
Q
  • rejected
  • if the blood FLOATS/ TAKES LONGER THAN 15 SECS. TO SINK
A

Hgb & Hct are < 12.5 g/dL

59
Q

COMPONENT PREPARATION & THERAPY?

A
  1. whole blood
  2. components
  3. closed system
  4. open system
60
Q

blood collected before separation into components

A

Whole Blood

61
Q

parts of whole blood that are separated

A

Components

62
Q

a sterile system of blood collection

A

Closed System

63
Q
  • when the collection is exposed to air, decreasing expiration date
  • given for immediate donations
A

Open System

64
Q

Fresh whole blood cells

  1. stored @?
  2. transported @?
A

Whole Blood

  1. 1-6 degrees C
  2. 1-10 degreed C [inside the ice box]
65
Q

RBCs are:
1. stored @?
2. transport @?

A
  1. 1-6 degrees C
  2. 1-10 degreed C [inside the ice box]
66
Q

PLTs are stored @?

important in storage so PLTs will not clump…

A

20-24 degreed C [room temp. w/ constant agitation]

constant agitation

67
Q

plasma that is freshly separated from whole blood

  1. stored @?
  2. transfused within?
A

Fresh Frozen Plasma

  1. 1-6 degrees C
  2. 24-hrs.
68
Q

frozen blood products

stored @ ____ for 1 yr.

A

CRYOPRECIPITATE

-18 degrees celsius

69
Q

stored @__?

A

-18 degrees celsius
PLASMA & LIQUID PLASMA

70
Q

2 methods of apheresis?

A
  1. intermittent
  2. continuous
71
Q

1 vein

A

intermittent

72
Q

2 veins

A

continuous

73
Q

anticoagulant of apheresis?

A

heparin

74
Q

advanatages of apheresis?

A
  1. large volume of blood
  2. removal of unwanted substances
75
Q

3 types of apheresis?

A
  1. platelet apheresis
  2. leukapheresis
  3. plasmapheresis
76
Q

Collection of platelets by apheresis while returning the RBCs, WBCs, and component plasma

A

PLATELET APHERESIS

77
Q

Removal of PMNs, basophils, eosinophils for transfusion into patients whole PMNs are ineffective or where traditional therapy has failed

A

LEUKAPHERESIS

78
Q

Collection of blood plasma by apheresis while returning the RBCs, WBCs, and platelet

A

PLASMAPHERESIS

MLSP 112 (Lectures) (11 decks)

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