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MLSP 112 (Lectures) > F2. HISTOPATHOLOGY SECTION > Flashcards

F2. HISTOPATHOLOGY SECTION Flashcards

1
Q

different procedures that have been adopted for the preparation of materials and tissue for microscopic examination.

A

Histopathologic Techniques

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2
Q

12 steps in Histopathologic Techniques:

A
  1. Numbering
  2. Fixation
  3. Dehydration
  4. Clearing
  5. Wax impregnation
  6. Embedding
  7. Blocking
  8. Trimming
  9. Sectioning
  10. Staining
  11. Mounting
  12. Labelling
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3
Q
  • Validates if the specimen is adequate or good for tissue processing
  • 1st person that will receive the specimen and put it into the container

container contains?

A

Receptionist

fixatives

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4
Q

Fixatives of container:

A
  • proportional to the size of the specimen
  • clear
  • unbreakable
  • wide mouthed bottle
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5
Q

2 specimen source?

A
  1. Bilateral organs
  2. Miscellaneous
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6
Q

Examples:
Extremities, kidneys, lungs and ovaries

[part of the body that have two sides; mirror organ images of one another]

A

Bilateral organs

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7
Q

Examples:
age, sex, ward

A

Miscellaneous

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8
Q

Basic information needed for numbering & labelling?

A
  1. date & time
  2. name of the patient
  3. specimen number
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9
Q

what are the meaning of these initials, C, A, S, when it comes to specimen number?

A

C - cytology specimen
A - anatomical specimen
S - surgical specimen

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10
Q

most critical step in histopathological
techniques

2 aims of fixation?

A

Fixation

  1. Primary aim
  2. Secondary aim
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11
Q

preserve the morphology
and chemical constituents of the tissue.

A

Primary aim

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12
Q

protect and harden the
specimen for further handling

A

Secondary aim

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13
Q

Effects of Fixatives?

A
  1. Inhibit bacterial growth and reduce the risk of infections
  2. Act as mordant or accentuator - accelerates the staining process.

Mordant - chemical that serves as a link between the dye and the substrate
Accentuator - chemical substances which increases the color intensity, crispness, and selectivity of stain

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14
Q

2 types of Fixatives:

AC

A
  1. according to actions
  2. according to composition
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15
Q

3 Types of Fixatives according to action?

A
  1. Microanatomic fixative
  2. Cytological fixative
  3. Histochemical fixative
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16
Q

Involves small tissue or organ

chemicals under this fixative?

A

microanatomic fixative

10% formol saline
10% neutral buffered formalin

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17
Q

Involves body fluid or secretion

2 fixatives under this?

A

cytological fixative

  1. nuclear fixatives
  2. cytoplasmic fixatives
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18
Q
  • flemming’s fluid
  • bouin’s fluid
  • heidenhain’s susa
A

nuclear fixatives

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19
Q
  • kelly’s fluid
  • orth’s fluid
A

cytoplasmic fixatives

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20
Q

Involves tissue containing labile substances

[labile - compounds or materials that are easily transformed (often by biological activity)]

chemicals under this fixative?

A

histochemical fixative

  1. 10% formol saline
  2. absolute ethyl alcohol
  3. acetone
21
Q

2 types of fixative according to composition?

A
  1. simple fixative
  2. compound fixative
22
Q

Uses only one chemical for fixation

2 types of fixative under this?

A

simple fixative

  1. aldehyde
  2. metallic fixatives
23
Q
  • formaldehyde
  • glutaraldehyde
A

aldehyde

24
Q
  • mercuric chloride
  • chromate fixatives
  • lead fixatives
A

metallic fixatives

25
Q

use of two or more chemicals for fixation

A

compound fixative

26
Q
  • Utilizing chemical known as dehydrating agents
  • Removing of intracellular and extracellular water and fixatives in the tissue
A

dehydration

27
Q

examples of chemicals used in dehydration?

A
  1. alcohol - most commonly used
  2. acetone
  3. diaxane
  4. tetrahydrofuran
  5. cellosolve
28
Q

cellosolve is also known as?

A

ethylene glycol monoethyl ether

29
Q

Removing of dehydrating agents

most commonly used?

A

Clearing

Xylene

30
Q
  • Also known as INFILTRATION
  • the clearing agent is completely removed from the tissue and replace by a medium that will completely fill all the tissue cavities.
  • paraffin wax impregnation

the simplest, most common and best embedding medium used for routine tissue processing

A

impregnation

paraffin

31
Q
  • Also known as CASTING OR BLOCKING
  • the impregnated tissue is placed into a precisely arrange position in a mold containing medium which is then allowed to solidify

four types of tissue impregnation?

A

embedding

  1. paraffin wax
  2. celloidin
  3. gelatin
  4. plastic
32
Q

Allows the medium to solidify to produce tissue block

A

blocking

33
Q
  • Process of removing excess wax after embedding
  • Can use knife/blade or heated spatula
A

trimming

34
Q
  • Also known as CUTTING OR MICROTOMY
  • processed tissue is cut into uniformly thin slices to facilitate studies under microscope

machine or instrument used for cutting sections of tissue?

A

sectioning

microtome

35
Q

6 types of microtome?

A
  1. rocking microtome
  2. rotary microtome
  3. sliding microtome
  4. freezing microtome
  5. cryostat microtome
  6. ultrathin microtome
36
Q

Simplest and oldest type of microtome

A

Rocking Microtome

37
Q

for cutting serial sections of tissue specimen

A

Rotary Microtome

38
Q

Most dangerous type of microtome

A

Sliding Microtome

39
Q

For urgent surgical biopsies specimen

A

Freezing Microtome

40
Q
  • Permits rapid penetration of tissue biopsies for surgical pathology
  • Also known as COLD MICROTOME
A

Cryostat microtome

41
Q

Specimen for electron microscope

A

Ultrathin Microtome

42
Q

Tissue constituent are demonstrated in sections by direct interaction with dye or staining solution producing coloration of the active tissue component

A

staining

43
Q

staining:

  • Utilizes micro-anatomical studies of tissue
  • regressive staining method
A

hematoxylin & eosin staining

44
Q
  • solution in which the specimen is embedded, generally under a cover glass.
  • may be liquid, gum or resinous
  • soluble in water, alcohol or other solvents
  • sealed from the external atmosphere by non-soluble ringing media
A

mounting

45
Q

specimens for examination in the histopathology section?

A
  1. gynecological specimen
  2. non-gynecological specimen
  3. urine
46
Q
  • Performed regularly even in pregnant women without undue risk
  • EXAMPLE: Vaginal smear
A

Gynecologcial specimen

47
Q

EXAMPLE: Respiratory Tract specimens

examples of respiratory tract specimens?

A

Non-gynecological specimen

a. sputum
b. BAL - bronchoalveolar lavage

48
Q

Determine the presence of urethral cancer

A

Urine

MLSP 112 (Lectures) (11 decks)

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