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Biology > M1:07 DNA > Flashcards

M1:07 DNA Flashcards

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1
Q

In what two forms does nucleic acid come in?

A

DNA and RNA that hold the coded information that build an organism

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2
Q

What does DNA stand for?

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

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3
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

ribonucleic acid

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4
Q

Where is DNA usually found in eukaryotic cells?

A

in the nucleus

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5
Q

What are the three forms of RNA used for?

A
  • to read and translate the information in order to produce the various proteins required to make a living, functioning organism.
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6
Q

What is a nucleotide?

A

a monomer of all nucleic acids

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7
Q

What are single nucleotide made up of?

A
  • one phosphate group - one organic nitrogenous base -one sugar molecule
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8
Q

What are the three subunits of a nucleotides bonded together with?

A

covalent bonds

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9
Q

How many different nucleotides make up the code carrying the instructions to make proteins in all living things.

A

4

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10
Q

Describe, in detail the make up on a nucleotide

A
  • the phosphate group in all nucleic acids is always the same - the sugar molecule is a 5-carbon sugar, either deoxyribose (in DNA) or ribose (in RNA) -There are 5 possible bases, ATGCU
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11
Q

What does T G U A and C stand for?

A

Thymine Guanine Uracil Adenine Cytosine

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12
Q

How are long chains of nucleotides formed?

A

The condensation reaction between the phosphate group of one nucleotide and the sugar of another nucleotide joins two together, with this repeating it forms a long chain.

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13
Q

What does the backbone of nucleotides consist of?

A

consists of repeating sugar-phosphate chain

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14
Q

What are chains of nucleotides bonded together known as ?

A

nucleic acids

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15
Q

Which nucleotides bond together to form nucleic acids? and what does this mean about the description of the nucleic acid?

A

Those carrying the same sugar moleculeso they can either be describe as RNA when the sugar is ribose, or DNA when the sugar is deoxyribose

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16
Q

How are the 5 organic bases grouped?

A

Three are called pyrimidines (T U C) and two are called purines (A G)

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17
Q

What is smaller, pyrimidines or purines?

A

pyrimidines

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18
Q

What is produced when excess purines are broken down in the liver?

A

uric acid, which is excreted into the urine

19
Q

What happens if someone has too much uric acid in their blood?

A

The uric acid is insoluble at lower temperatures and forms crystals that are deposited in joints at the extremities, such as the toes. Then the toes become painful and swollen, a condition called gout.

20
Q

What do organic bases conatin and what should they always be referred to as?

A

nitrogen, always referred to as nitrogenous bases.

21
Q

What do nucleic acids and amino acids contain?

A

nitrogen

22
Q

What is DNA?

A

a long-chain polymer of nucleotide monomers called a polynucleotide

23
Q

When does DNA molecules form?

A

When two polynucleotide strands come together, forming what looks like a ladder- the sugar phosphate backbones of two chains form the uprights, and the bases project towards each other to form the rungs.

24
Q

What strengthens the DNA strands?

A

hydrogen bonds form between the bases in opposite uprights

25
Q

Why is it vital that DNA are very stable structures?

A

As it carries the instructions to make an organism, and if it was unstable then the instructions could go wrong too easily.

26
Q

Why is the term ‘anti-parallel’ used to describe two DNA strands?

A

As they run parallel to each other and the space between them is taken up by nitrogenous bases projecting inwards, but the strands run in oppositions to each other, so the sugars are pointing in opposite directions

27
Q

Why are purines and pyrimidines sizes vital in DNA?

A

Where a pyrimidines appear on one side, purines occur on the other

28
Q

Which nitrogenous pairs link up?

A

A-TC-G

29
Q

How is the base pairing described as?

A

complementary

30
Q

What is the double helix?

A

the complete DNA structure , where the anti-parallel chain twists to form the final structure

31
Q

What point does DNA replication take place?

A

interphase

32
Q

Describe DNA replication

A
  • the double helix is untwisted-hydrogen bonds between the bases are broken apart to unzip the DNA, which exposes the base - free DNA nucleotides are hydrogen-bonded onto the exposed according to the base-pairing rules. - covalent bonds are formed between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the sugar of the next to seal the backbone.
33
Q

What is the process of DNA replication described as? why?

A

semi-conservative replication , as each new DNA molecule consists of one conserved strand plus one newly built strand.

34
Q

Describe the connection between structure and function of DNA

A
  • The sequences of bases is an example of information, the information is in the form of codes to build proteins. -The molecules are long, so a large amount of information can be stored- The base-pairing rules mean that complementary strands of information can be replicated- The double helix structure gives the molecule stability- hydrogen bonds allow easy unzipping for copying and reading information
35
Q

How is RNA differently structured to DNA?

A

-the sugar molecule that makes up the nucleotides are ribose - the nitrogenous base uracil is found instead of the organic base thymine.- the polynucleotide chain is usually single stranded - three forms of molecule exist

36
Q

Which bases are complementary in RNA?

A

U-AC-G

37
Q

Why is it important that the base-pairing rule means RNA can be complementary to DNA ?

A

As exposed DNA nucleotides can have free RNA nucleotides hydrogen-bonded to them and then the sugar phosphate back bone is sealed up to form a chain of RNA nucleotides

38
Q

What is transcription?

A

copying the genetic code of the DNA base sequence.

39
Q

What are the three forms of RNA?

A

mRNA (messenger) rRNA (ribosomal) tRNA ( transfer)

40
Q

What is mRNA made for?

A

as a strand complementary to one strand of the DNA nucleotide (template strand) , making it a copy of the other DNA strand of the double helix.

41
Q

where is rRNA found?

A

in the ribosomes

42
Q

what is the role of tRNA?

A

to carry amino acids to the ribosomes, where they are bonded together to form polypeptides

43
Q

What happens to amino acids in the ribosomes?

A

they are bonded together to form polypeptides

44
Q

How are instructions in the DNA carried out to form proteins ?

A
  • the sequence coding for a particular protein is exposed by splitting the hydrogen bonds that hold the double helix together -RNA nucleotides form a complimentary strand (mRNA) which is a copy of the DNA - The mRNA peels away from the DNA and leaves the nucleus through a nuclear pore -mRNA attaches to the ribosome -Then tRNA molecules bring amino acids to the ribosome in the correct order, according to the base sequence of the mRNA -The amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds to give a protein with a specific primary structure (which then gives rise to the secondary and tertiary structures)

Biology (10 decks)

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