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Biology > M1:01 Biochemistry > Flashcards

M1:01 Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are nutrients used for

A
  • they become part of the body, often after being digested they are rebuilt to form different parts of the organism- used to provide energy needed to drive metabolism
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2
Q

What is meant by the term ‘metabolism’/

A

the sum total of all the biochemical reactions taking place in the cells of an organism.

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3
Q

What is energy needed for in the body?

A

to drive metabolism

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4
Q

Why are substances removed from the body ?

A

if they cant be digested or taken part in metabolic processes.

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5
Q

Give an example of how organisms are adapted to removed substances that cant be digested or taken part in metabolic processes.

A

the human intestine is designed to work best when indigestible fibre is present

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6
Q

Why is fibre an essential component for the diet

A

As although it cant provide nutrients or energy- it eases the flow of materials through the gut by giving gut muscles a bulk to push against. -it removes some waste products such as excess bile salts

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7
Q

What is a low fibre diet a risk factor for?

A

a number of diseases including intestinal cancer and some other cancers.

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8
Q

What is a risk factor?

A

a factor that increases the chances of you getting a particular disease.

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9
Q

What are the roles of carbohydrates?

A

-energy storage and supply -structure (in some organisms)

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10
Q

What are the roles of proteins?

A

-structure-transport -enzymes -antibodies -most hormones

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11
Q

What are the roles of lipids?

A

-membranes-energy supply -thermal insulation-protective layers/padding- electrical insulation in neurones -some hormones

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12
Q

What are the roles of vitamins and minerals?

A
  • form parts of larger molecules and take part in some metabolic reactions-some act as coenzymes/ enzyme activators
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13
Q

What are the roles of nucleic acids?

A

-information molecules- carrys instructions for life.

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14
Q

What are the roles of water?

A

-takes part in many reactions- support in plants - solvent/medium for most metabolic reactions-transport.

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15
Q

Which chemical group is fibre included within?

A

carbohydrates

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16
Q

What are the key biological molecules?

A

carbohydrateslipidsproteins nucleic acids

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17
Q

Name the main chemical elements found in biological molecules

A

carbonoxygen hydrogennitrogen

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18
Q

What percentage of the body is made up by carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen?

A

99%

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19
Q

Give 2 examples of more minor chemical elements that make up the biological molecules

A

sulphur phosphorus

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20
Q

Why is water sometimes described as a biological molecule?

A

because of its importance for life.

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21
Q

What percentage of the body is made up of water?

A

70%

22
Q

What percentage of the body is made up of chemicals

A

30%

23
Q

What are the main chemicals found in the body, and what percentage do they make up?

A

proteins- 15RNA - 6ions and small molecules - 4polysaccharides - 2phospholipids - 2DNA - 1

24
Q

What does biochemistry refer to?

A

chemical reactions involving biological molecules

25
Q

What is a biochemistry technician responsible for in a pathology lab?

A

measuring the level of enzymes in the blood of a patient who has suffered a heart attack

26
Q

Give an example of a biochemical reactions that takes place as part of metabolisms.

A

catabolic reactions- breaking larger molecules into smaller ones.

27
Q

Give an example of a catabolic reaction

A

digestion

28
Q

What is an anabolic reaction? and give an example of one

A

building smaller molecules into larger oneseg muscle growth

29
Q

What is meant when its said that ‘carbon has a valency of 4’?

A

it can form covalent bonds with 4 other atoms.

30
Q

Why is carbon a form of framework atom?

A

because of its multiple bonding feature that is the basis of all biological molecules necessary for life.

31
Q

What are covalent bonds?

A

bonds that are formed when electrons are shared between atoms that are very strong and covalently bonded atoms form new molecules.

32
Q

What does 1 methane molecule consist of?

A

1 carbon atom covalently bonded to 4 hydrogen atoms.

33
Q

Give an example of when carbon forms a double bonds

A

C=C double bonds in hydrocarbon chains C=O double bonds in many molecules eg organic acids

34
Q

What are biological molecules grouped according to?

A

their chemical properties

35
Q

how are large molecules of carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids formed?

A

by bonding many similar, small molecules

36
Q

What is a monomer?

A

a single, small molecule

37
Q

What is a polymer?

A

many similar monomers bonded together

38
Q

Why is a lipid not a polymer

A

as the smaller monomers that makes up a lipid are very different to each other

39
Q

Give an example of a monomer and polymer of carbohydrates

A

m; monosaccharidesp; polysaccharides

40
Q

Give an example of a monomer and polymer of proteins

A

m; amino acidsp; polypeptides and proteins

41
Q

Give an example of a monomer and polymer of nucleic acids

A

m; nucleotides p; DNA and RNA

42
Q

What is a condensation reaction?

A

a chemical reaction that links biological monomers together.

43
Q

What is the use for a condensation reaction in lipids?

A

it links the different sub units together in lipid molecules

44
Q

What happens during a condensation reaction?

A

-a water molecule is released- a new covalent bond is formed- a larger molecule is formed by the bonding of smaller molecules

45
Q

What is a hydrolysis reaction?

A

a reaction that splits larger molecules into monomers

46
Q

What happens during a hydrolysis reaction?

A

-a water molecule is used-a covalent bond is broken-smaller molecules are formed by the splitting of a larger molecule

47
Q

How are hydrogen bonds formed?

A

when a slightly negatively charged part of a molecule comes close to a slightly positive hydrogen atom

48
Q

give an example of when a hydrogen bond occurs

A

water

49
Q

Are hydrogen bonds individually strong?

A

no, they are often described as interactions

50
Q

What is a common description of a hydrogen bond?

A

interactions

51
Q

How do hydrogen bonds stabalise a molecule?

A

when many thousands of them form

Biology (10 decks)

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