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Biology > M1:04 Lipids > Flashcards

M1:04 Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of organic matters in cells are lipids?

A

5%

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2
Q

What is a lipid called as a solid and as a liquid?

A

solid; fatliquid; oil

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3
Q

What functions do lipids have within living functions?

A

-source of energy- energy storage-forms membranes- insulation-protection-hormones

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4
Q

How does lipids act as a source of energy?

A

lipids can be release energy to generate ATP

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5
Q

How does lipid act as an energy store?

A

lipids are stored in adipose cells in ‘fat stores’

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6
Q

Give an example of how lipids act as insulation

A

the blubber in whales is lipid that reduces heat loss; lipids also provide electrical insulation around long nerve cells.

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7
Q

Give an example of how lipids act as a form of protection?

A

the surface (cuticle) of plant leaves is protected against drying out by a layer of lipid.

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8
Q

Give an example of a lipid hormone

A

steriod hormones

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9
Q

Where are glycerol and fatty acids found?

A

in all the fats and oils that perform roles in energy storage and energy supply

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10
Q

Which fattys acids cant animals make the fatty acids they need from raw materials?

A

essential fatty acids which are taken in ‘complete’ as part of a balanced diet

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11
Q

Name the main difference between glycerol and fatty acids

A

glycerol molecules are always the same but fatty acid molecules differ considerably as they have different length hydrocarbon chains

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12
Q

Describe a fatty acid molecule

A

They have an acid group at one end which is always the same as that found on an amino acid.There is a hydrocarbon chain which differs in the amount of carbons (2-20)

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13
Q

What is the range of carbons that can be found in a fatty acid tail?

A

2-20

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14
Q

What is the most common number of carbons in a hydrocarbon fatty acid tail

A

18

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15
Q

What is the main cause of an unhealthy diet?

A

too much unsaturated fat

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16
Q

What is often associated with healthier foods in terms of lipids?

A

unsaturated/ polysaturated

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17
Q

What is a lipid?

A

a diverse group group of chemicals that dissolve in organic substances such as alcohol but not in waterThey include fatty acids, triglycerides and cholesterol

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18
Q

Give 3 examples of fatty acids

A

fatty acids, triglycerides and cholesterol

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19
Q

Give an example of a product that lipids do and dont dissolve in

A

do; alcohol dont; water

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20
Q

What does the term ‘saturated fat’ refer to?

A

whether the hydrocarbon chain is ‘saturated’ with hydrogen or not. (if all possible bonds are connected with hydrogen then it is saturated)

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21
Q

What do unsaturated fatty acids have that means fewer hydrogen atoms can be bonded to the molecule?

A

C=C bonds

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22
Q

What does a single C=C double bond in a fatty acid tail form/

A

a mono-unsaturated fatty acid

23
Q

What is a poly-unsaturated fatty acid?

A

Two or more C=C double bonds in the fatty acid tail

24
Q

What does the C=C double bond affect in a fatty acid?

A

the shape of the hydrocarbon chain- as it makes the molecules in a lipid push apart from each other, making it more fluid

25
Q

Which are often oils and which are often fats (saturated/unsaturated)

A

oil; unsaturatedfat; saturated

26
Q

What is animal fats mainly made up of?

A

saturated fats

27
Q

Is animal lipid lard and plant lipid olive oil liquid or solid at room temp

A

animal; solidplant; oil

28
Q

Why do fatty acid tails appear to have kinks?

A

because of the double bond that forms

29
Q

What does a triglyceride consist of?

A

one glycerol molecule bonded to 3 fatty acid molecules.

30
Q

How are fatty acid tails joined to the glycerol?

A

via a condensation reaction between between the acid group of a fatty acid molecule and one of the OH (hydroxyl) groups of the glycerol molecule

31
Q

What is the bond known as between the glycerol and fatty acid tail? and what is the new molecule produced called?

A

an ester bonda monoglyceride between two, or triglyceride between 3

32
Q

Are triglyceride molecules soluble in water?

A

no, they are considered to be hydrophobic (as the charges on the molecules are distributed evenly)

33
Q

What is a phospholipid molecule almost identical to/

A

a triglyceride molecule

34
Q

Describe a phospholipid molecule

A

It consists of a glycerol molecule bonded by ester bonds (via a condensation reaction) with fatty acid molecules (2 tails)

35
Q

What is the difference between a phospholipid molecule and a triglycerol molecule

A

phospholipids only have 2 fatty acid tails and the third OH is bonded to a phosphate group

36
Q

Which parts of a phospholipid is hydrophobic and which is hydrophilic?

A

the phosphate head is hydrophilicfatty acid tail is hydrophobic

37
Q

Why is it helpful that most of a phospholipid molecule doesn’t dissolve?

A

as it helps some of its characteristics, such as forming membranes

38
Q

Can a phospholipid molecule be both saturated or unsaturated?

A

Yes

39
Q

How do organisms adapt their fatty acid molecules to correspond with their surroundings, using an example

A

organisms living in a colder environment have an increased number of unsaturated fatty acids to ensure that their membranes remain fluid, despite the cold temperatures

40
Q

What does the respiration of lipids require to begin?

A

a hydrolysis reaction to occur to break the ester bonds between the phosphate head and the fatty acid tails

41
Q

Describe the respiration of a lipid molecule

A
  • a hydrolysis reaction to occur to break the ester bonds between the phosphate head and the fatty acid tails- Then the glycerol and fatty acid tails are broken down completely into glucose and water which releases energy that is used to generate ATP molecules
42
Q

What is the ratio between the amount of energy given out by respiration of a lipid and a carbohydrate?

A

2;1

43
Q

Why is triglycerol so good for storing energy?

A

As lipids are insoluble in water so they can be stored in a compact way and dont affect the water potential of the cells contents.

44
Q

How is cholesterol made up?

A

4 carbon-based rings

45
Q

Describe a cholesterol molecule

A

its found in all membranes, and has a small narrow structure which sits between the hydrocarbon tails due to its hydrophobic nature

46
Q

Where are cholesterols found and what is its role their/

A

found between the fatty acids tails, to regulate the fluidity and strength of the membrane

47
Q

Give 3 examples of steroid hormones that are made of cholesterol.

A

testosterone oestrogen vitamin D

48
Q

Why are steroid hormones so successful (in terms of their structure and function together)(

A

As they can pass through phospholipid bilayers to reach their target receptor/site, including the nuclear envelope

49
Q

Why can excess cholesterol be a problem?

A

as in bile, cholesterol stick together and form lumps called gallstonesin blood, cholesterol can be deposited in the inner linings of blood vessels causing atherosclerosis, which can result in a number of circulatory problems

50
Q

Whats is FHC?

A

familial hypercholesterolaemia, which is a genetic disorder where cells manufacture and secrete cholesterol even though there is already enough in the blood to provide for the organisms requirements

51
Q

When does FHC occur?

A

When cells do not obey the signals to stop cholesterol production as they lack a particular cell surface receptor.

52
Q

What affect does FHC have on a person?

A

Can cause heart attacks and strokes by the age of two years.

53
Q

What is the structure, main role and other features of triglyceride?

A

st; glycerol plus 3 fatty acids mr; compact energy store, and insoluble in water so doesnt affect the water potentialof; stored as fat, which also has thermal insulation and protective properties

54
Q

What is the structure, main role and other features of a phospholipid molecule

A

str; glycerol plus 2 fatty acid and a phosphate group mr; forms a molecule that is part hydrophobic and part hydrophillic, making it ideal for the basis of cell surface membranes of; used to form steroid hormones

Biology (10 decks)

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