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Biology > M1:02 Carbohydrates > Flashcards

M1:02 Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What percentage of the organic matter of a cell is made up of carbohydrates?

A

10%

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2
Q

Give an example of the functions of carbohydrates

A

-energy source -energy store eg starch - structure eg cellulose- to form part of larger molecules

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3
Q

Give an example of when carbohydrates is used as an energy store

A

starch

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4
Q

Give an example of when carbohydrates is used as a structural molecule

A

cellulose

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5
Q

What are carbohydrates made up of?

A

carbon hydrogen oxygen

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6
Q

Give 2 examples of molecules formed by carbohydrates

A

nucleic acid and glycolipids

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7
Q

What is the essential meaning of carbohydrate and why?

A

hydrated carnon because the elements are found in proportion (for every carbon present, there is a h2o)

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8
Q

What is the simplest form of a carbohydrate called?

A

monosaccharides

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9
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

the monomers of carbohydrates that join together to form carbohydrates

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10
Q

How many carbon atoms do monosaccharides have?

A

between 3 and 6

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11
Q

What are the main properties of monosaccharides?

A

-soluble in water- sweet tasting- form crystals

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12
Q

How are monosaccharides formed?

A

the number of carbon atoms in the molecule

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13
Q

What are 3-carbon monosaccharides known as?

A

tricose sugars

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14
Q

What are 5-carbon monosaccharides known as?

A

pentose sugars

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15
Q

What are 6-carbon monosaccharides known as?

A

hexose sugars

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16
Q

What are the most common monosaccharides ?

A

hexoses

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17
Q

Give 2 examples of hexose monosaccharides

A

glucose and fructose

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18
Q

How are hexose monosaccharides written?

A

C6H12O6

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19
Q

What structure do pentose and hexose sugars have in nature?

A

ring structure

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20
Q

Give 2 examples of structures of glucose

A

chains and ring structures

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21
Q

How are the H and OH formed in a ring structured in alpha glucose?

A

the OH at C1 is below the plane of the ring

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22
Q

How are the H and OH formed in a ring structured in beta glucose?

A

the OH at C1 is above the plane of the ring

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23
Q

What effect does the structure of the OH at C1 have in the glucose?

A

some of their properties.

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24
Q

Why are the carbons in a glucose molecule labelled 1-6?

A

to show how the ring structure is made, and to allow us to note where further bonds are found

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25
Q

What is an isomer?

A

different shaped forms of the same molecules

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26
Q

How are disaccharide molecules formed?

A

two monosaccharides joining together via a condensation reaction

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27
Q

What kind of a bond is formed during a condensation reaction and what is eliminated?

A

a glycosidic bond forms and water is eliminated

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28
Q

How kind of a reaction breaks a glycosidic bond?

A

a hydrolysis reaction

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29
Q

is a disaccharide a sugar?

A

yes

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30
Q

Give an example of a disaccharide sugar

A

maltose

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31
Q

What is released when glucose molecules break down into simpler molecules of water and carbon dioxide during respiration?

A

energy

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32
Q

What can the energy released during respiration be used for?

A

to make ATP

33
Q

What is ATP

A

tiny packets of energy for use in cell processes.

34
Q

What is the word equation for respiration?

A

glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water + energy that is used to form ATP

35
Q

What role do enzymes play in the breaking down of glucose?

A

different specific enzymes drives each step

36
Q

What kind of glucose can animals and plants break down?

A

alpha glucose

37
Q

What kind of glucose cant plants and animals break down and why?

A

they cant break down the beta glucose because of the different arrangement of the H and OH at C1

38
Q

Which of the two glucose structures can be respired and which cant?

A

alpha can be, beta cant be.

39
Q

What is formed when two alpha glucose molecules bond together?

A

a disaccharide called maltose

40
Q

What is formed when a condensation reaction reoccurs over and over again with maltose?

A

amylose is produced

41
Q

Where do glycosidic bonds form?

A

between the carbon number 4 and carbon number 1, so its often called the 1,4-glycosidic bond

42
Q

Why is amylose quite compact?

A

as the long chains of amylose coil into a spring because of the shape of the glucose molecules and the formation of glycosidic bonds.

43
Q

What can get trapped in the coil of amylose and what affect does this have on the starch test?

A

iodine gets trapped, causing iodine in the starch tests iodine potassium solution to change colour from yellow/brown to blue/black

44
Q

What is the difference between glucose and coils of amylose?

A

the coils of amylose are not soluble in water.

45
Q

What does starch consist of?

A

long, straight chain amylose molecules and branched amylopectin

46
Q

Where is starch stored in a plant?

A

chloroplasts and elsewhere in the plant in membrane-bound starch grains (in the cells of plant organs eg tubers)

47
Q

Where are there alot of membrane-bound starch grains?

A

in plant organs, such as potato tubers

48
Q

What is glycogen sometimes referred to as?

A

animal starch

49
Q

Name 1 similarity and one difference between starch and glycogen

A

both made up of alpha glucoseglucose chains tend to be shorter and have many more branches

50
Q

Which is more compact, glycogen or starch and why?

A

glycogen as they have many more branches of amylopectin

51
Q

Where are a lot of glycogen granules found?

A

in the muscle cells and liver

52
Q

What are starch and glycogen often described as?

A

energy-storage molecules

53
Q

Name 2 common features of glycogen and starch

A

-they dont dissolve - they hold glucose molecules in chains so they can be easily broken off the end when needed for respiration

54
Q

Why is it important that starch and glucose do not dissolve in water?

A

so it doesnt affect the water potential (reduce it)

55
Q

What is needed that isnt part of the equation within a condensation and hydrolysis reaction? and why are they needed?

A

enzymes , as polysaccharides are stable molecules, they would not simply fall apart in the conditions found within organisms.

56
Q

What happens when alpha and beta glucose molecules condense?

A

alpha- forms coiled, spring-like chains beta- long, straight chains

57
Q

What are cellulose chains?

A

straight chain molecules can contain 10,000 beta glucose molecules

58
Q

What are stronger, cellulose chains or amylose chains?

A

cellulose chains?

59
Q

What is cellulose found in?

A

plants only

60
Q

What is the most abundant structural polysaccharide in nature?

A

cellulose

61
Q

How are microfibrils and macrofibrils formed?

A

by 60-70 cellulose molecules cross-linked by hydrogen bonds, and each set of microfibrils are held together by more hydrogen bonds to form larger bundles called macrofibrils

62
Q

How are the walls of membranes formed?

A

macrofibrils are embedded in pectins to form the wall

63
Q

What are pectins?

A

polysaccharide glue of substances

64
Q

What is the function of cell walls?

A

to give strength to each cell, and the plant as a whole

65
Q

How does the arrangement of macrofibrils help the functioning of a plant?

A

it allows water to move through and along cell walls and water to pass in and out of cells easily.

66
Q

Why doesnt water cause a plant cell to explode like an animal cell would?

A

because of the cell wall, instead it just become turgid.

67
Q

What do the arrangement of macrofibrils in cell walls determine? Give an example

A

how cells can grow/change shape eg when a guard cell walls have macrofibrils that result in the opening and closing of the stomata

68
Q

How is the exoskeleton of insects formed?

A

polysaccharide chitin

69
Q

What is the basis of the cell walls found around most bacterial cells.

A

polysaccharide peptidoglycan

70
Q

Give an example of a monosaccharide, its characteristics and its role in organisms.

A

glucose (6 carbon) ch: small, soluble, sweet and crystallinerole; provides energy via respiration

71
Q

What kind of a carbohydrate is glucose?

A

monosaccharide

72
Q

What kind of a carbohydrate is deoxyribose?

A

monosaccharide

73
Q

Give an example of a disaccharide, its characteristics and role in an organism

A

Maltose ch; small, soluble, sweet and crystallinerole; a sugar obtained when starch is broken down in hydrolysis reactions. It can be split further into glucose

74
Q

What can maltose be broken down into?

A

glucose

75
Q

Give an example of a polysaccharide found in animals, its characteristics and role in organisms

A

glycogen ch; large molecules of alpha glucose joined together by condensation reactions, insoluble to water, forms grains/granulesenergy storage carbohydrates in animals and fungi

76
Q

Give an example of a polysaccharide found in plants that consist of alpha glucose molecules, its characteristics and role in organisms

A

starch ch; large molecules of alpha glucose joined together by condensation reactions, insoluble to water, forms grains/granulesenergy storage carbohydrates in plants

77
Q

Give an example of a polysaccharide found in plants that consist of beta glucose molecules, its characteristics and role in organisms

A

cellulose ch; large molecules of many beta glucose molecules joined by condensation reactions , insoluble in water, very strong role; structural, found only in plants where it forms cell walls.

78
Q

What is cellulose?

A

a carbohydrate polymer made by bonding beta glucose molecules together in long chains

79
Q

What is the difference between starch and cellulose?

A

starch is alpha ( OH below plane) cellulose is beta (OH above the plane)

Biology (10 decks)

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