Lymphomas And leukemia Flashcards
Four major groups of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma?
Lymphocyte predominant
Nodular Sclerosis
Mixed Cellularity
Lymphocyte depleted
Most popular Hodgkin’s ?
Nodular Sclerosis: 60-80% of cases
All hodgkin’s need the presence of which cell?
Reed-Sternberg cells
Staging in Lymphoma’s?
Ann Harbour System
Working Formulation System, was is low grade?
small lymphocytic
Follicular small cleaved Lymphocytic
Mixed follicular small cleaved cell and large cell
Working Formulation System, what is intermediate grade?
Follicular predominantly large cell
diffuse small cleaved cell
diffuse large cell
Working Formulation System, what is high grade?
Diffuse large cell immunoblast
Lymphoblastic
Small non cleaved
Unlike Hodgkin’s, what type of treatment do we use on NHL?
Chemotherapy
What two main groups are leukaemia divided?
Myeloid and Lymphocytic
What results AML and ALL?
Block in the cell differentiation process and are characterized by proliferation of blasts, which are immature, undifferentiated cells.
What are results in chronic leukemias?
Uncontrolled growth of more mature but usually immunoincompetent cells.
Signs and symptoms of all leukemias?
Fatigue and SOB from anemia
Bruising and bleeding from thrombocytopenia
Fever and infection due to low WBC
Causes of Acute Myelogenous Leukemias/AML?
Radiation exposure
Benzene exposure
Prior chemotherapy, especially alkylating agents
Certain congenital disease
FAB classification divides AML in 7/8 classes; what are they?
Morphologic: size/shape of cells
Histologic Characteristic : anatomy of cells
Immunologic: antigen/antibody of receptors and markers of other cell surface
What differentiates Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia/CML?
Philadelphia Chromosome, which is abnormally shortened chromosone #22 due to translocation with chromosome #9.
Normal course of CML?
Stable/chronic phase
Accelerated phase, WBC fluctuate and show more immature forms
Blast crisis phase
Which leukemias accounts for 80% of childhood leukemias?
ALL/Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemias is caused by?
Acquired mutation in the DNA of a lymphocyte, leading to the overproduction of immature lymphoblasts and the disruption of the normal production of blood cells.
FAB classifies ALL in three subgroups L1-L3. What are the subclasses?
- Early pre-B cell
- pre-B cell
- transitional pre-B cell
- B-Cell
- T-cell
What are the ALL poor prognosis factors?
- age less than 2 or greater than 9
- prolonged time to achieve remission (more than 2 yrs)
3, high leukocyte counts at diagnosis
What is the most common form of adult leukemia?
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
What does CLL have that is unlike others?
No radiation association or toxin exposure.
What’s the causation of CLL?
Damage of the DNA of a lymphocyte in the bone marrow, usually B-Lymphocyte.
For CLL, a type of classification is Rai system. What are the five stages?
- stage 0 Lymphocytosis
- stage 1 Lymphocytosis and adenopathy
- stage2 lymphocytosis, and hepatomegaly or splenomegaly
- stage 3 lymphocytosis and anemia
- stage 4 lymphocytosis and thrombocytopenia
For CLL, a type of classification is Binet, what are the three stages?
- Stage A - lymphocytosis with enlargement of 3 or less lymph node groups
- Stage B - lymphocytosis with enlargement of more than three lymph node groups
- Stage C lymphocytosis with anemia or thrombocytopenia
For CLL, what are poorer prognosis?
Higher stage at diagnosis, higher leukocyte counts, and lymphocyte doubling time of less than one year.
Hairy cell leukemias is a type of which leukemias?
CLL
