Congenital Heart Disease

Question 1

What is an atrial septal defect?

Answer 1

It’s a hole in the septum between the right and left atria.

Question 2

Which atrial Septal Defect is most common?

Answer 2

Secundum Atrial Septal Defect

Question 3

What is the major concern with primum atrial septal defect?

Answer 3

the degree of residual mitral regurgitation, which if they become severe will need valve replacement.

Question 4

What is ventricular Septal Defect?

Answer 4

A hole in the septum between the right and left ventricles.

Question 5

Which disease can be at risk of bacterial endocarditis?

Answer 5

Ventricular septal defect

Question 6

What is Eisenmenger Syndrome?

Answer 6

Pulmonary hypertension that can be a complication of any congenital heart disease with a left-to-right shunt.

Question 7

Eisenmenger syndrome is most commonly associated with?

Answer 7

VSD

Question 8

What is a patent ductus arteriosus?

Answer 8

Condition in which the ductus arteriosus, which is the fetal connection between the aorta and the main pulmonary artery, fails to close normally after birth.

Question 9

How do you typically treat PDA?

Answer 9

Catheter intervention

Question 10

What is pulmonary stenosis?

Answer 10

Narrowing at the level of the pulmonic valve causing obstruction of blood flow from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery.

Question 11

Which syndrome can complicate Pulmonary Stenosis after the procedure?

Answer 11

Noonan’s syndrome

Question 12

What are favourable factors to consider after 2-3 years of pulmonary intervention?

Answer 12

1. Residual gradient of less than 30 mmHg
2. good right ventricular function
3. no right-to-let shunt at the foramen ovale
4. no significant tricuspid regurgitation
5. no arrhythmia

Question 13

What is congenital aortic stenosis?

Answer 13

Narrowing of the aortic valve that prevent opening fully and obstruct blood flow from left ventricle into the aorta.

Question 14

What is the coarctation of the Aorta?

Answer 14

Narrowing of the thoracic aorta that causes obstruction of blood flow through the aorta.

Question 15

What are the best cases for COA?

Answer 15

1. normal aortic valve
2. arm/leg systolic pressure difference of less than 10 mmHg
3. arm BP of less than 130/80
4. exercise BP of less than 190/90
5. MRI of the aorta within the last 5 years showing no sign of aneurysm.
6. no coronary risk factor.

Question 16

What are the anatomic changes of the tetraology of Fallot?

Answer 16

1. ventricular septal defect
2. right ventricular outflouw obstruction
   3.anterior displacement of the aorta
3. right ventricular hypertrophy

Question 17

Underwriting factors for tetralogy of Fallot?

Answer 17

age at repair
size of pulmonary arteries
outflow patch across the pulmonary valve ring
marked right ventricular dilatation from severe pulmonary regurgitation
arrhythmias
presence of RBBB or LBBB
several anatomic and repair variation

Question 18

What is the transposition of the great arteries?

Answer 18

aorta and pulmonary artery are reversed.

Question 19

What is the treatment for transposition of the great arteries?

Answer 19

Arterial Switch Operation

Question 20

What is tricuspid atresia?

Answer 20

Complete Blockage of the tricuspid valve. Surgery is the correction.

Question 21

What is pulmonary atresia with ventricular Septal Defect?

Answer 21

Right ventricular connection to the pulmonary artery is blocked, with a VSD, this lesion is considered a severe form of tetralogy of Fallot.

Question 22

What is pulmonary atresia with intact septum?

Answer 22

Rare cyanotic lesion with pulmonary valve obstruction.

Question 23

What is aortic and mitral atresia?

Answer 23

Lesions are the basis for hypoplastic left heart syndrome.

Question 24

What is Fontan Operation?

Answer 24

Used to palliate cases of tricuspid atresia and less commonly right ventricular disorders including Ebstein malformation of the tricuspid valve, and most commonly univentricular hearts.