Childhood Cancer Flashcards
Which cancer is the most frequent in childhood?
Leukemia
What is the second most frequent malignancy in children and teens?
Brain tumours
What is the most common juvenile brain lesion?
Astrocytoma
What are the treatments for astrocytoma?
Radiation, chemotherapy and surgery.
What is the most lethal type of astrocytoma?
Glioblastoma multiforme.
Which brain tumors occurs almost exclusively in children?
Medulloblastoma.
What is a complication with medulloblastoma?
Complete removal is difficult.
What is the most common extracranial tumor in childhood?
Neuroblastoma.
Most cases of neuroblastoma arise where?
In the abdomen (either in an adrenal gland or sympathetic ganglia nearby)
What are other abnormalities in neuroblastoma (other than tumor mass)?
anemia
high platelet
iron counts
catecholamine are often elevated
What are treatment for neuroblastoma?
Surgery often is not effective
Chemotherapy
Bone marrow transplant
Radiation
What are the three separate elements from Wilm’s tumor?
blastema, epithelia and stroma.
Most common sign of a Wilms’ tumor?
Asymptomatic mass or swelling.
What are the treatment for Nephroblastoma?
Surgery and chemotherapy. Radiation can be used.
What is the cancer with one of the highest rate of cure in pediatric cancer therapy?
Retinoblastoma
What is a sign of retinoblastoma?
Leukocoria - white papillary reflex to the reflection of light found during eye exam.
What are treatments of retinoblastoma?
Used to be removal of eye, only used when 50% of the retina is involved with tumor.
Now radiation therapy and chemotherapy if scared it goes into the blood.
Those with familial type of retinoblastoma are in a significant risk of developing a second cancer. What is the most common second cancer?
Soft tissue sarcomas.
What are the two most common bone tumors?
Osteosarcoma and Ewing sarcoma.
What are the treatment for bone tumors?
Surgery
Often chemotherapy since pulmonary metastases happens frequently.
Which has a better prognosis? Osteosarcoma or Ewing sarcoma?
Ewing
What is the most common pediatric sarcoma?
Rhabdomyosarcoma
What are the treatment for Rhabdomyosarcoma
Surgery
Chemo to shrink the tumor
Radiation to control local spread
What are the two most common problems for juvenile cancer survivors?
Psychological and psychosocial.
