Lymphomas

Question 2

Define lymphomas

Answer 2

Neoplastic proliferation of lymphoid cells of various types

Question 3

Two main categories of lymphomas

Answer 3

Hodgkin’s and Non-Hodkin’s

Question 4

Subdivision of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

Answer 4

• Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin’s
• Classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma
  
  • ​Lymphocyte rich
  • Mixed cellularity
  • Nodular sclerosing
  • Lymphocyte depleted

Question 5

Presentation and prognosis in lymphocyte rish Hodgkin’s

Answer 5

Prognosis: Good

Few Reed-Sternberg cells

Lots of lymphocytes

Question 6

Prognosis and presentation in mixed cellularity Hodgkin’s

Answer 6

Prognosis: average

Roughly 50/5o lymphocytes and R-S cells

Question 7

Presentation and prognosis in Nodular sclerosing Hodkin’s

Answer 7

Prognosis: average

Mixed cellularity

A lot of cytokines and thick fibrous bands;nodules

Question 8

Presentation and prognosis in Lymphocyte depleted Hodgkin’s

Answer 8

Prognosis: bad

Lots of R-S cells

NO/few lymphocytes

Question 9

Types of non-Hodkin’s lymphomas

Answer 9

Lymphocytic lymphomas

• B cell lymphoma
• T cell lymphoma

Question 10

Characteristics of a non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

Answer 10

Act directly on lymphocytes

Question 11

Presentation and prognosis of B cell lymphoma

Answer 11

Low grade: good

High grade: bad

Low grade: small lymphocytes, clonal proliferation

High grade: Very large nuclei

Question 12

T cell lymphoma presentation and prognosis

Answer 12

Low grade: good, but worse than T

High grade: really bad

Tends to affect skin

Question 13

Stages of lymphoadenopathy

Answer 13

1. One single lymphoid group, above or below diaphragm
   
   • b) Systemic symptoms: Weight loss, night sweats
2. Two lymphoid groups, above or below diaphragm
3. Above and below diaphragm

Question 14

Define myeloma and its presentation

Answer 14

A tumour of mature plasma cells

Lots of plasma cells. Eccentric nucleus with light sorroundings and a dark outer border

Space occupying lesion-> eroded bone i.e. osteolytic

Systemi: produce excess protein, clog urinary system

Question 15

Presentation and staging of Astrocytomas

Answer 15

• Most common brain tumour
• Behave malignantly, by local invasion; space-cocupying effects
  
  • but DO NOT metastasize

1. Prognosis: good
2. Well differentiated, space occupying lesion. No solid border, hard to operate
3. 4. Gliosblastoma; poorly differentiated, space-occupying lesion, large areas of haemorrhage and necrosis. Crosses both sides

Question 16

Presentation of Neuroblastoma

Answer 16

• Next common embryonal tumour
• In adrenal gland, from primitive medullary precursors (neuroblasts)
• Very advanced local invasion; enroached into aorta
• Lymph node spread
• Extensive blood-borne spread: lung, liver, bones

Question 17

Most common embryonal tumour

Answer 17

Nephroblastoma (Wilm’s tumour)

in kidney

Question 18

Define teratoma

Answer 18

Tumours derived from primitve germ cells which retain the capacity to differentiate along all 3 embryological lines. Hence teratomas sohuld contain representative of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

Question 19

Common locations for teratomas

Answer 19

Due to germ cell origin, most common in

Ovary

Testis