Lymphomas Flashcards
Define lymphomas
Neoplastic proliferation of lymphoid cells of various types
Two main categories of lymphomas
Hodgkin’s and Non-Hodkin’s
Subdivision of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
- Nodular lymphocyte-predominant Hodgkin’s
-
Classical Hodgkin’s lymphoma
- Lymphocyte rich
- Mixed cellularity
- Nodular sclerosing
- Lymphocyte depleted
Presentation and prognosis in lymphocyte rish Hodgkin’s
Prognosis: Good
Few Reed-Sternberg cells
Lots of lymphocytes
Prognosis and presentation in mixed cellularity Hodgkin’s
Prognosis: average
Roughly 50/5o lymphocytes and R-S cells
Presentation and prognosis in Nodular sclerosing Hodkin’s
Prognosis: average
Mixed cellularity
A lot of cytokines and thick fibrous bands;nodules
Presentation and prognosis in Lymphocyte depleted Hodgkin’s
Prognosis: bad
Lots of R-S cells
NO/few lymphocytes
Types of non-Hodkin’s lymphomas
Lymphocytic lymphomas
- B cell lymphoma
- T cell lymphoma
Characteristics of a non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma
Act directly on lymphocytes
Presentation and prognosis of B cell lymphoma
Low grade: good
High grade: bad
Low grade: small lymphocytes, clonal proliferation
High grade: Very large nuclei
T cell lymphoma presentation and prognosis
Low grade: good, but worse than T
High grade: really bad
Tends to affect skin
Stages of lymphoadenopathy
- One single lymphoid group, above or below diaphragm
- b) Systemic symptoms: Weight loss, night sweats
- Two lymphoid groups, above or below diaphragm
- Above and below diaphragm
Define myeloma and its presentation
A tumour of mature plasma cells
Lots of plasma cells. Eccentric nucleus with light sorroundings and a dark outer border
Space occupying lesion-> eroded bone i.e. osteolytic
Systemi: produce excess protein, clog urinary system
Presentation and staging of Astrocytomas
- Most common brain tumour
- Behave malignantly, by local invasion; space-cocupying effects
- but DO NOT metastasize
- Prognosis: good
- Well differentiated, space occupying lesion. No solid border, hard to operate
- Gliosblastoma; poorly differentiated, space-occupying lesion, large areas of haemorrhage and necrosis. Crosses both sides
Presentation of Neuroblastoma
- Next common embryonal tumour
- In adrenal gland, from primitive medullary precursors (neuroblasts)
- Very advanced local invasion; enroached into aorta
- Lymph node spread
- Extensive blood-borne spread: lung, liver, bones
Most common embryonal tumour
Nephroblastoma (Wilm’s tumour)
in kidney
Define teratoma
Tumours derived from primitve germ cells which retain the capacity to differentiate along all 3 embryological lines. Hence teratomas sohuld contain representative of ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
Common locations for teratomas
Due to germ cell origin, most common in
Ovary
Testis
