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Immunity > Lymphoid Tissue > Flashcards

Lymphoid Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What are lymphoid structures composed of?

A

Lymhpocytes, lymphoid organs, and lymphatic vessels. Primary and secondary lymphoid structures.

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2
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs?

A

Thymus and bone marrow

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3
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Lymph nodes, sacs, MALT, GALT, BALT. Anyplace where lymphocytes come into contact with antigens for immune response.

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4
Q

When does lymphoid embryogenesis begin?

A

After commencement of the cardiovascular system, usually the 5th embryonic week.

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5
Q

What are the cells that begin lymphoid embryogenesis?

A

LEC’s- lymphatic endothelial cells.

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6
Q

What cells leave the blood vessels to being lymphatic embryogenesis?

A

Lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC’s)

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7
Q

What do the LEC’s do after they leave the blood vessels?

A

They aggregate to form lymph sacs

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8
Q

What are the six primary lymph sacs?

A

2 jugular, 2 iliac, 1 retroperitoneal, 1 cisterna chyli

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9
Q

What cells form the lymph sacs?

A

Lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) with groups of mesenchyme cells.

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10
Q

What is the largest lymph sac?

A

the cisterna chyli

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11
Q

What is vasculogeneiss

A

The formation of blood/lymph vessels where there was no vessel before.

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12
Q

What is the name of the mechanism of formation of the lymph sacs?

A

They form via vasculogeneisis of LEC’s.

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13
Q

What is angiogenesis?

A

Budding from pre-existing vessels to form new vessels while maintaining contact with the parent vessel.

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14
Q

What is anastomosis?

A

The joining of two lymphatic ducts. A remodeling event.

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15
Q

Where does anastomosis occur?

A

It occurs in the formation of the thoratic ducts. Two ducts fuse to form a main thoratic ducts.

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16
Q

How many main lymphatic ducts during embyogenesis?

A

Three. A left, right and thoratic duct. All three ducts converge at cisterna chyli.

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17
Q

What forms the lymphatic nodules?

A

Peripherally located mesenchymal cells in the connective tissue associated with the developing lymphatic vessels.

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18
Q

What cells form the lymphatic vessels?

A

Vasculogenesis from isolated cell groups of mesenchyme.

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19
Q

What is the development of lymphatic nodules?

A

From lymph sacs. The sacs become nodules with mesenchyme cells then surrounded by sinuses, with mesenchyme completing the nodes.

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20
Q

What forms around the lymph nodes?

A

A capsule and tubeculae develops from mesenchyme cells.

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21
Q

What is a tebeculae?

A

Dense connective tissue that extends from the capsule towards the middle of the lymph node.

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22
Q

Spleen formation?

A

From an aggregation of mesenchyme in the dorsal mesogastrium.

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23
Q

Palitine tonsil formation

A

From 2nd pharyngeal pouch

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24
Q

tubal tonsil

A

From lymph nodules around pharyngeal openings of the phyaryngotympanic tubes

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25
Q

Pharyngeal tonsils

A

Aggregation of lymph nodules in nasopharynx wall

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26
Q

Lingual tonsils

A

Aggregation of lymph nodules in the root of the tongue.

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27
Q

Congenital lymphedema

A

Diffuse swelling of part of body

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28
Q

Cystic hydroma

A

Large swelling on interiolateral neck with large fluid filled cavities. Causes abnormal jugular lymph sacs, genetic, bad fetal outcomes.

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29
Q

Lymph node capsule

A

Dense, irregular collagenous connective tissue that surrounds that sends trabeculae into the node.

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30
Q

lymph node cortex

A

Surrounds the nodules within the lymph nodes.

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31
Q

Lymph node paracortex

A

Found between the cortex and medulla that houses the T cells.

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32
Q

Lymph node medulla

A

Houses the sinuses of the lymph and where filtration takes places. Houses lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages. Fluid collection after filtering.

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33
Q

What structures exist in a lymph node?

A

Thick Capsule, trabeculae, cortex, medulla, and paracortex, many afferent vessels and only one efferent vessel.

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34
Q

Germinal centers

A

Where B lymphocytes mature and proliferate after being activated with an antigen. Found in lymph nodes.

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35
Q

Lymph node hilum

A

Where fluid drains out of lymph node via the efferent vessel.

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36
Q

Thymus structures

A

Thin capsule, cortex, medulla, two lobes, and connective tissue septum, blood supply.

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37
Q

What happens to the thymus as we age?

A

It begins to involute (atrophy) and fill with adipose tissue.

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38
Q

Function of the thymus?

A

For maturation of T cell lymphocytes.

39
Q

What separates the thymus into two lobes?

A

The capsule sends the connective tissue septum into the thymus splitting into two lobes.

40
Q

What are the structure of the two thymus lobes?

A

Each lobe has a cortex and medulla.

41
Q

Thymus cortex function?

A

Contains thymocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, reticular cells. Appears darker due to accumulation of T thymocytes. Differs self from non-self.

42
Q

Thymus medulla function?

A

Contains naive T cells, macrophages, and reticular cells. Less lymphocytes than cortex therefore stains lighter. Has hassall’s corpuscles.

43
Q

What are Thymocytes

A

They are undifferentiated T lymphocytes cells.

44
Q

Where are hassall corpuscles found?

A

In the medulla of the thymus.

45
Q

Spleen function

A

Filters and destroys damaged RBC. Also works to aid in production of antibodies and T/B cell proliferation. Largest lymph organ

46
Q

Spleen structures

A

large and highly vascularized, thick connective tissue capsule with trabeculae, Red/white pulp, splenic cords, and venous sinuses

47
Q

Where is the spleen located?

A

Superior left abdominal quadrant.

48
Q

White pulp of spleen function

A

Associated with central artery (immune) with germinal centers and abundant B cell expression.

49
Q

Red pulp of spleen function

A

Associated with vein and sinusoids, rich in blood

50
Q

Splenic cords in spleen

A

Contain B cells, T cells, plasma cells, macrophages, other blood cells.

51
Q

Venous sinuses in spleen

A

Discontinuous capillaries.

52
Q

MALT

A

Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue

53
Q

MALT function

A

Non-encapsulated localized lymphocyte infiltration and lymphoid nodules in the mucous of the GI, repiratory, and urinary tract. GALT, BALT, and tonsils.

54
Q

MALT structure

A

Aggregation of lymphatic nodules with crypts. Diffused expression and support of wet epithelial membranes of the mucosae.

55
Q

GALT

A

Peyers patches in ileum, lymph nodules in appendix/colon

56
Q

BALT

A

Found in bronchi and bronchioles

57
Q

Tonsils

A

Composed of epithelium lining and incomplete capsule. Traps bacteria/virus, defend against infection, provides site for lymphocytes to meet antigen.

58
Q

Tonsil structure

A

Lymph sacs of aggregation of unencapsulated lymphatic tissue. Most covered in nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelial. Form tonsillar crypts.

59
Q

Tonsilloliths

A

Calcification of tonsillar crypts from debris.

60
Q

Tonsils names

A

Palatine, tubal, pharyngeal, lingual.

61
Q

Composition of lymph nodes

A

Capsule, germinal center, cortex, medulla

62
Q

Composition of thymus

A

Thin capsule, cortex and medulla. No germinal center

63
Q

Composition of spleen

A

Thick capsule, germinal center. No cortex or medulla

64
Q

Compositoin of MALT

A

Germinal centers. No capsule, cortex or medulla

65
Q

Composition of Tonsil

A

Germinal centers, No capsule, cortex or medulla.

66
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

The fluid found between cells that is returned to the blood via the lymph sysytem.

67
Q

What vessel system transports dietary lipids?

A

The lymph system

68
Q

What is the flow of the lymph fluid?

A

Lymph.Capillaries->Lymph. vessels->lymph nodes->lymph trunk->lymph ducts->venous circulation.

69
Q

Where are lymph capillaries located?

A

Anywhere blood capillaries occur. Absent from red bone marrow, CNS, and avascular tissue.

70
Q

How is back flow prevented in the lymph capillaries?

A

Overlapping of endothelial cells forms the one-way flap.

71
Q

Structure of lymph capillaries?

A

Closed end tubes lined by simple endothelial squamous cells who overlap to prevent backflow.

72
Q

What are lacteals?

A

Special lymphatic capillaries in small intestine. Pick up intestinal fluid, dietary lipids, and lipid soluble vitamins.

73
Q

What is GI lymph called?

A

Chyle.

74
Q

What are the two types of lymph vessels?

A

Afferent and efferent

75
Q

What is the direction of lymph flow in afferent and efferent lymph vessels?

A

Afferent is towards the lymph nodes,

Efferent is away from lymph nodes.

76
Q

lymphatic vessels structure

A

Resemble veins with three tunics (intima, media, externa).

77
Q

Location of lymph nodes?

A

Axillary (armpit), Ingunial (groin), cervical (neck), and scattered throughout body.

78
Q

What area is drained by the thoracic duct?

A

All lower extremities plus left part of head, trunk, and left arm.

79
Q

What area is drained by the right lymphatic duct?

A

Right part of head, right trunk, and right arm.

80
Q

Where do lymphatic ducts drain into the cardiovascular system?

A

Empty at the junction of the internal jugular and subclavian veins.

81
Q

What is lymphedema?

A

Edema due to lymph node obstruction

82
Q

Is lymphedema curable?

A

No, not even operable

83
Q

What causes lymphedema?

A

parasites, removal of nodes, malignant of tumors.

84
Q

What is lymphatic filariasis?

A

Parasites lodge in nodes causing swelling.

85
Q

What are lymphatic nodules?

A

MALT and tonsils: pharyngeal (adendoids), palatine, and lingual.

86
Q

What are the function of lymphoid nodules?

A

Screen for and attack foreign invaders

87
Q

What is the structure of lymphatic nodules?

A

Oval clusters of lymphatic tissues not surrounded by connective tissue capsule. Contains macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes.

88
Q

What are lymphatic organs?

A

Lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen. Surrounded by connective tissue capsule containing macrophages, dendritic cells, and lymphocytes.

89
Q

Function of thymus cortex?

A

Immature t-cells

90
Q

Function of thymus medulla?

A

Mature T-cells.

91
Q

White pulp of spleen function?

A

Monitors blood for foreign antigens, contains lymphocytes and macrophages.

92
Q

Red pulp of spleen function?

A

Remove debris and old RBC from blood. Function as blood reservoir.

93
Q

Where is the spleen located?

A

Upper left quadrant of abdomen.

Immunity (8 decks)

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