Immunodeficiency

Question 1

What causes immunodeficiency?

Answer 1

Defects in one or more components of immune system leading to immunodeficiency disease

Question 2

Primary immunodeficiency

Answer 2

Genetic defects

Question 3

Secondary immunodeficiency

Answer 3

Caused by infection, immunosuppressive drugs, or malnutrition.

Question 4

Hypogammaglobulinemias

Answer 4

Humoral, Primary. Occurs at birth that is normal. Delayed B-lymphocyte development.

Question 5

Bruton’s agammaglobulinemia

Answer 5

Humoral, Primary (x-linked). Deficiency of mature B cells due to deletion of B cell tyrosine kinase. T cell normal. Infection begins after maternal IgG declines.

Question 6

Hyper-IgM syndrome

Answer 6

Humoral, Primary (x-linked). B lymphocytes cannot undergo isotype switching. Cannot switch to heavy chain do to defects.

Question 7

IgA deficiency

Answer 7

Humoral, Primary. Most common immunodeficiency. Lots of respiratory infections, mucosal infections, ciliac disease.

Question 8

Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID)

Answer 8

Humoral, Primary. Most common. Mature B cells are present but plasma cell are absent. Lots of malignant tumors.

Question 9

DiGeorge syndrome

Answer 9

Cellular,Primary. Defects in T lymphocytes maturation, absent or greatly deficient. Normal B cells. Malformed thymus, viral infection increase. Can transplant new thymus.

Question 10

Severe, combined immunodeficiency (SCID).

Answer 10

Primary (inherited). Both humoral and cell-mediated. Bubble boy. Reduced B and T cells. Bone marrow transplant for treatment.

Question 11

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)

Answer 11

Primary. Phagocygtes cannot produce H2O2 and radical O2. Defect in NADPH oxidase. Inject with IFN-y to activated macrophages for controlling bacterial and fungal infections.

Question 12

What is the first opportunistic infection with HIV patients?

Answer 12

Oral candidiasis

Question 13

How does HIV enter CD4+ T helper cells?

Answer 13

HIV gp120 binds to CD4 molecule.

Question 14

What destroys CD4+ T helper cells in HIV?

Answer 14

CD8 T cytotoxic cells. CD4 T helper cell present to CD8 T cytotoxic cell on MHC1.

Question 15

When is aids status achieved?

Answer 15

around 1/10 of T-helper cells than normal levels

Question 16

What oral issues do people with low CD4+ T helpers cells manifest?

Answer 16

Oral lesions with aphthous ulceration, oral hariy leukoplakia, oral candidiasis, nectotizing ulcerative periodiontitis and necrotizing ulcerative stomatitis.Periodontal attachment loss and gingival recession.