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CTO > Lymphoid > Flashcards

Lymphoid Flashcards

1
Q

Affinity Maturation

A

Process by which B-cells produce anitbodies with increased affinity for antigen during the course of an immune response

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2
Q

Isotype Switching

A

Ig class switching (or isotype switching or isotypic communication or class switch recombination, is a biological mechanism that changes a B-cells production of antibody from one class to another

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3
Q

APC

A

antigen presenting cells - have MHC II on surface, phagocytic, dendritic cells

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4
Q

Components of innate immune system?

A

epithelial barrier and their secretions

  • macrophages, granulocytes, NK cells
  • non-specific
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5
Q

What is the specific immune system?

A

specific, cell-mediated. b-cells/t-cells manage humoral response

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6
Q

What provides specificity?

A

Immunoglobulin (ab) or T-cell receptors

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7
Q

What are the fundamental units of all antibodies

A

Two heavy, two light chains (constant region + antigen binding - Fab)

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8
Q

Initial antibodies on b-cells?

A

IgM, IgD

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9
Q

First Abs secreted by a recently formed plasma cell?

A

low affinity IgM

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10
Q

What is isotype switching?

A

cells resulting from colonal expansion of the original B-cell - affinity maturation and isotype sitchin
IgG - blood
IgM - secretions
IgE - allergens

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11
Q

What is the humoral response?

A

binding of antigen to Ab of B-cell

  • antigen processed by B-cell and presented on MHC II
  • T-helper cell recogizes and calls for the release of cytokines
  • t-cell will then trigger a clonal expansion of b-cells
  • plasma and memory b-cells produced
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12
Q

How do cytotoxic t-cells kill target cells?

A

lytic agents

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13
Q

Inside the capusle of the thymus, what are the portions of the thymic parenchyma

A

Medulla and Cortex

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14
Q

What makes up the stroma of the thymus?

A

Epithelioreticular cells (ERC)

there is no CT!!

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15
Q

What are ERCs?

A

secrete thymic hormones?

  • ERC I = blood-thymus barrier
  • ERC II = positive selection
  • ERC III = barrier between cortex and medulla
  • ERC IV = medullary sidde
  • ERC V = neg selection
  • ERC VI = hassall’s corpuscle
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16
Q

What are the function of lymph nodes?

A
  • encapsulated secondary lymphoid organ that serves as a filter for antigens traveling in the lymphatics circulation
17
Q

How does lymph traverse the node?

A
  • afferent lymph pierce the capsule
  • subcapsular sinus
  • leaky lymphatic sinusoids (allow for percolation of lymph down cortex)
  • subajacent paracortex
  • medulla (medullary cords - surrounded by medullary sinuses)
  • sinuses coalesce to form efferent
  • leave node at hilum
18
Q

Where in the node would you expect to find metastatic cells?

A

subcapsular space

19
Q

What is a secondary follicle?

A
  • primary follicles contain naiive lymphocytes
  • upon encoutering their specific antigen they become active and proliferate
  • secondary: clearing of central protion of follicle to form a germinal center
20
Q

What are follicular dendritic cells?

A

antigen presenting cells

- sequester antigen to optimize llymphocyte-antigen interaction

21
Q

What are in the medullary cords?

A

loose arrangement of

  • lymphocytes
  • plasma cells
  • macrophages
  • supportive reticular cells
22
Q

What would you find in the red pulp?

A

sinusoids, macrophages, reticular CT, RBCS

23
Q

What is white pulp?

A

aggregates of lymphocytes.

  • lymphoid follicles (B-cells)
  • PALS (t-cells)
24
Q

Blood supply of the spleen?

A
  • blood vessels enter in trabeculae
  • central artery
  • become ensheathed in layer of T-cells (PALS)
  • also associated with b-cell follicle
  • branches of central artery = penicillar arteries (open up into red pulp)
  • splenic sinuses have a unique architecture (barre-stave, with surrounding reticular fibers to create seive for filter aged red blood cells)
25
Q

How do blood cells get into the veins?

A

Stave cells (discontinuous endothelium) forms slits along splenic sinuses. Only young elastic rbcs can pass through. those that cannot pass are broken down

26
Q

Epitope

A

An antigenic determinant is the actual molecular motif on an antigen that mediates its binding to the antibody or t-cell receptor (TCR)

CTO (5 decks)

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