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CTO > CTO Quiz 4 > Flashcards

CTO Quiz 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Which cells of bone marrow can regenerate themselves?

A

Pleuripotent and multipotent stem cells can reproduce themselves - all other cells are committed to differentiating

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2
Q

What are the changes in cell appearance of blood cell precursors as blood cell differentiate?

A
  • Cells become smaller
  • lose nuceloli
  • develop granules
  • nucleus assumes more adult shape
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3
Q

Most important growth factors in granulocyte production and what produces them?

A

G-CSF - produced by macrophages, endothelium, fibroblasts

CM-CSF - produced by lymphocytes, endothelium, fibroblasts

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4
Q

What is the most important growth factor in stimulating platelets and where is it made?

A

Thrombopoeitin - produced by liver and kidney

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5
Q

When does bone marrow start producing RBCs?

A

About the middle of fetal life

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6
Q

What kind of cells would you expect to find in the extravascular compartment of the bone marrow? What kind of fibers?

A

Hematopoietic cells, adventitial cells, and fat cells

reticular fibers

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7
Q

Structure of vascular compartment of bone marrow?

A

Venous sinusoids - discontinuous and fenestrated endothelium

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8
Q

How long does erythropoeisis take?

A

7 days

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9
Q

How long dos granulopoeis take?

A

14 days - first week = rapid reproduction of cells

second week = dominated by maturation

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10
Q

Megkaryocyte

A

multilobed nucleus, has cytoplasmic protrusion rich in actin and microtubles (dynein). Many infoldings of the plasma membrane called “demarcation membranes” that provides extra surface area

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11
Q

Myeloid to erythroid ratio

A

3:1

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12
Q

Keratinocytes

A

Dominant cells of the epidermis (they make keratin)

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13
Q

Layers of the epidermis

A

Stratum corneum, Stratum granulosum, Stratum spinosum, stratum basale

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14
Q

How long does it take to replace your epidermis?

A

a month

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15
Q

What is the stratum basale?

A

Deepest layer of epidermis. 1 cell layer thick - all touching basal lamina (simple cuboidal or short columnar). basophilic - producing keratinocytes – they form stem cells for regenerations. Contain melanosomes that are produced by melanocytes (forms brown cap of nuclei to protect DNA)

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16
Q

What is the stratum spinosum?

A

Thickest layer - lost attachment to basment membrane, conected to one another by desmosomes that vie the cells the “spines”. Keratin groups into tonofibrils that attach to desmosomes and hold cells together

17
Q

What is the stratum granulosum?

A

Contain basophilic granules of keratohyaline (including protein called FILAGGRIN). Last living layer of cells (more flattened shape).
- Also have lamellar bodies/granules, which spill out of cell as lipids to make skin waterproof. In thick sin there is a very thin, highly eosinophilic layer at the superficial transition area called the STRATUM LUCIDUM

18
Q

What other kinds of cells are present in the skin?

A

Melanocytes, Langerhans (antigen presenting), Merkels (sensory)

19
Q

What are melanocytes?

A
  • derived from neural crest cells
  • have processes that contact up to 30 keratinocytes
  • manufacture eumelanin and pheomelanin
  • processes phagocytesd by stratum basale cells –> metabolize product into pigment.
  • color of skin depends on rate and transfer to keratinocytes not number of melanocytes
20
Q

What are the layers of the dermis?

A
  1. Papillary Layer - loose connective tissue with blood vessels - makes fingerlike projections and increase contact area. Responsible for fingerprints. Also contains nerves, fibroblasts and macrophages.
  2. Reticular Layer - dense connective tissue. Comprised of collagen and elastin fibers. Sweat glands stick down through this layer
21
Q

What is the structure of the hair follicle?

A

Root sheath with a bulb at the bottom. Dermal papilla that enters bulb and nourishes it. The hair matrix (growing part) surrounds the pailla and melanocytes that provides hair color
- medulla (inner layer)
- cortex (middle layer)
- cuticle (outer layer - highly keratinized)
PILOSEBACEOUS UNIT:
- arrector pilli muscles
- sebaceous glands (produce sebum)

22
Q

What kind of glands are sebaceous glands?

A
  • use holocrine secretion
  • produce sebum (oily)
  • found in hair follicle
23
Q

What is the structure of eccrine glands and where are they found?

A
  • Simple coiled tubular glands found in deep dermis and hypodermis
  • merocrine secretion
  • evaporative cooling
    and secrete salt, urea lactate
  • they have myoepithelial cells to help expel secretion
24
Q

What are apocrine sweat glands and where are they found?

A
  • simple coiled tubular
  • found in axilla and anogenital region
  • large lumen because secretions are stored in the lumen
  • use merocrine secretion (but odorless)
  • secrete phermones
25
Q

Structure of mammary glands?

A
  • compound tubuloaccinar glands
  • develop along the milk line
  • use apocrine (lipids) and merocrine (antibodies, proteins, sugars)
  • under influence of hormones (prolactin)
  • ductal system develops during puberty –> develops alveoli (simple cuboidal or columnar with myoepithelium)
  • milk released into lactiferous ducts (simple cubodial) then lactiferous sinuses
26
Q

What kind of epithelium cells lines the nasal cavity, trachea, and main stem bronchi?

A

Pseudostratified columnar w/cilia and goblet cells

27
Q

What are the functions of the nasal mucosa?

A

It warms, and moistens air, traps particles in the air. It also contains olfactory epithelium

28
Q

What epithelium over the vocal cords?

A

Non-keritinized stratified squamous

29
Q

What is the structure of the trachea?

A
  • prominent lamina propria with serous and mucous glands
  • submucuosa contains hyaline cartilage in C shape
  • smooth muscle (prominent posteriorly) where there is also a lot of fibroelastic tissue
  • entire organ surrounded by adventitia
  • lymphoid tissue prominent in lamina propria (MALT)
30
Q

Differences between trachea and bronchi?

A

Bronchi have cartilage plates (not c-shaped)

more smooth muscle

31
Q

What is the only complete cartilage ring in the respiratory system?

A

Cricoid cartilage in lowest part of the larynx

32
Q

Types of cells in epithelium of bronchi?

A
  • Columnar cells with cilia (muscucillary escalator)
  • brush cells (sensory)
  • neuroendocrine cells (02-K sensitive receptor)
  • goblet (mucous)
  • basal cells (regenerative)
33
Q

Differences between bronchi and brochioles?

A

Bronchioles:

  • more smooth muscle and elastic fibers
  • cartilage and glands of the lamina propria are gone
  • respiratory epithelium becomes simple cuboidal or columnar
  • clara cells replace goblet cells –> secrete GAG, surfactant like material, prevent toxin harming, regenerative properties
34
Q

What is the minimum membrane for gas exchange?

A

Type I pneumocyte, common basement membrane, and alveolar capillary epithelial cell

35
Q

What do nerves do in the lung

A

Parasympathetic (vagus) – constrict bronchial smooth muscle and increase grandular secretion
Sympathetic (cardiac) – dilate bronchial smooth muscle, decrease secretion.
Sensory fibers detect stretch of the elastic connective tissue (Hering-Breurer afferents)

CTO (5 decks)

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