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CTO > CTO Quiz 5 > Flashcards

CTO Quiz 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of epithelial cells line most of the oral cavity?

A

Non-keritanized stratified squamous epithelium

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2
Q

What is the histologic structure of the tongue?

A
  • Mostly skeletal muscle
  • stratified squamous non-keritanized epithelium
  • CT bands and minor salivary glands between bundles of skeletal muscle
  • posterior 1/3 of tongue has lymphoid tissue under epithelium
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3
Q

What kinds of papillae are on the tongue and what are their structures?

A
  • Filiform Papillae are the most numerous (short bristles)
  • Fungiform papillae are broader (have taste buds)
  • Circumvallate form a row just anterior to the sulcus terminalis (lots of taste buds)
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4
Q

What divides the anterior 2/3 of the tongue from the posterior 1/3?

A

The Sulcus Terminalis

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5
Q

What kind of epithelium lines the pharynx?

A

The oro-laryngopharynx are lines by stratified non-keratinized squamous
- the nasopharynx = pseudostratified columnar with cilia

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6
Q

What is the innermost lining of the GI tract and its layers?

A

The mucosa

  • epithelium
  • lamina propria
  • muscularis mucosa
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7
Q

What is the submucosa?

A

CT layer in between muscularis mucosa and muscularis externa

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8
Q

What is the structure of the muscularis externa?

A
  • inner circular layer
  • outer longitudinal layer
  • stomach may have an additional layer
  • colon has extra layer (taeniae coli)
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9
Q

What is the outer layer of the GI tract and what is its structure?

A
  • CT layer
  • when there is no mesentary = adventitia (blends with other CT around organ)
  • when there is mesentary = serosa (added layer of simple squamous mesotheilal cells and underlying CT)
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10
Q

What portions of the GI tract have stratified squamous epi?

A
  • oral cavity
  • pharynx
  • esophogus
  • anus
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11
Q

What part of the GI tract have submucosal mucous glands?

A
  • esophogus

- duodenum

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12
Q

What is unusual about the muscularis externa of the esophagus?

A

It has skeletal muscle in proximal 1/3
smooth muscle in distal 1/3
blends in the middle

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13
Q

What portion of the intestine doesn’t have villi?

A

Colon

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14
Q

What kind of cell is found in the epithelium of the small and large intestine but lacking from the stomach?

A

goblet cells

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15
Q

What do most of the surface epithelium in the stomach secrete?

A

sticky muscous, high pH, lots of bicarb

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16
Q

What are the infolding of the stomach muscosa called?

A

Gastric pits increase surface area of the stomach and allow surface muscous cells to produce lots of alkaline mucous to protect the lining

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17
Q

What cells of the gastric glands manufacture and secrete HCL? What is unusual about their structure? What else to they produce?

A
  • Parietal (oxyntic cells).
  • has canaliculi to increase SA
  • secrete HCL, using carbonic anhydrase to make acid
  • need pumps to move H+ ions (needs ATP, and lots of mitochondria)
  • Also secrete intrinsic factor, for absorption of B12 from the ilieum
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18
Q

What are the cells that make most of the gastric enzymes?

A
  • Chief Cells
  • produce pepsinogen, stored in zymogen granules
  • basophilic basal end (RER)
  • esinophilic apical end (vesicles)
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19
Q

What is the function of the enteroendocrine cells in stomach?

A

Secrete Gastrin (stimulates acid production by parietal cells)

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20
Q

Where are the stem cells of the gastric epithelium located

A

Near the neck of gastric glands and multiply to replace cell lining

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21
Q

From large to small, what are the folds in the SI

A
  • plicae circularis
  • villi
  • microvilli
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22
Q

What forms the core of the intestinal villus?

A

The lamina propria (contains lymphatics, nerves, capillaries, smooth muscle, CT)

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23
Q

Where in the GI tract would you find villi?

A

only in SI

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24
Q

In what layer of the intestine would you find intestinal glands?

A

In the lamina propria (mucosa)

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25
Q

Where do you find stem cells in the intestines and how long does it take to replace intestinal lining?

A
  • crypts of Lieberkhun

- 3-6 days

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26
Q

Outside of enterocytes and globlet cells, what are other cells found in the epithelium of the intestinal glands?

A
  • Paneth cells in the Crypts
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27
Q

What hormones are produced by cells of the duodenum?

A
  • Cholecystoskinin (affects gall bladder)

- Secretin (affects pancreas)

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28
Q

What are the submucosal glands of the duodenum called

A
  • Brunners glands produce alkaline muscous to neutralize acid
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29
Q

Crypts of Lieberkuhn

A
  • Extend from villi down into lamina propria
  • has mitotic activity (stem cells)
  • Has Paneth Cells (lysozyme to break down bacterial walls)
  • in SI
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30
Q

What part of the intestine has the greatest surface area?

A

jejunum (long villi and plicae circularis)

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31
Q

What is the most obvious difference between the jejunum and the ileum?

A

Ileum has more lymphoid tissue (Peyer’s patches) visible to eye

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32
Q

What kind of unique cells are located in the mucosa of the ileum?

A

M-cells sample antigens and present it to lymph tissue in the region of peyer’s patches

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33
Q

What is uniquely absorbed from the ileum?

A

Absorbs bile acids & B12 (requires gastric intrinsic factor)

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34
Q

Where does most of the resorption of H20 and electrolytes take place?

A

Small itestine

35
Q

What is unique about the muscularis externa of the colon?

A

The longitudinal layer of the muscularis externa has 3 bands

36
Q

What are the most striking differences between the epithelial layer of the large and small intestine:

A
  • more goblet and no villi
37
Q

What is the most striking histologic feature of the appendix?

A

lots of lymphoid tissue with lymphoid follicles

38
Q

What is the most striking difference between the rectum and the rest of the colon?

A

Rectum outer longitudinal layer of SM is circular/complete (opposed to semi-lunar)

39
Q

Where do find ganglion cells in the GI tract?

A

The ganglion cells (with which parasympathetic preganglionic nerve fibers synapse) are found in

  1. Meissner’s plexus (in the submucosa)
  2. Auerbach’s plexus (between layers of muscularis externa)
40
Q

What kinds of glands are the salivary glands?

A
  • Compound tubuloalveolar glands
  • Parotid = serous
  • Submandibular = mixed
  • Sublingual = mucous
41
Q

What kind of cells are located between gland cells and basement membrane to aid in movement of secretions out of the acini?

A

Myoepithelium

42
Q

What ducts are present in the oral cavity of the salivary glands?

A

Intralobular:
1) Intercalated (low cuboidal epithelium, close to acini)
2) Striated (high cuboidal epi, lots of mitochondria, involved in ion transport, and secrete lysozyme and transport IgA antibody)
Interlobular:
- between lobules, found in CT
- large, stratified columnar

43
Q

What is the structure of a pancreatic acinus?

A
  • exocrine
  • entirely serous
  • produce proenzymes that will be activated in the duodenum
  • look similar to salivary glands
  • NO striated ducts
  • NO myoepithelal
  • HAS CENTROACINAR
  • flud part is alkaline = bicarb
44
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A
  1. Produced bile
  2. detoxifies blood
  3. protein synthesis (clotting factors and plasma proteins like albumin)
  4. storage of lipids and glycogen
  5. Gluconeogenisis
45
Q

What is the lining of the liver sinusoids?

A

discontinuous and fenestrated

for easy exchange of substances with the space of Disse

46
Q

What are Kupffer cells?

A
  • resident macrophage in sinusoidal space
47
Q

What is the space of Disse?

A
  • Perivascular space
  • in between sinusoid and hepatocytes
  • has reticular fibers
  • has ITO cells for Vit A storage
48
Q

What is the apical portion of the hepatocyte?

A

forms the wall of the bile canaliculus (there are tight junctions that separate the apical domain of the hepatocyte from the lateral portion that borders the adjacent hepatocytes)

49
Q

What is the epithelium of the gall bladder?

A

Simple columnar with microvilli

50
Q

What is the epithelial lining of the bile duct?

A

simple cuboidal

51
Q

What are the differences between the wall of small intestine and that of the gallbladder?

A
  • no goblet cells
  • large lamina propria
  • no submucosa and no muscularis mucosa
  • There are mucosal folds but not villi
  • muscularis externa is not regularly arranged
52
Q

What is the function of the gall bladder?

A

Stores and concentrates bile:

  • removes Na and Cl, H20 follows passively
  • these are pumped from the lateral aspects of the cells, where they enter into the intercellular space
53
Q

Pituicytes

A

Supporting cells of the posterior pituitary gland

54
Q

Herring bodies

A

granular stores of NT within axons of posterior pituitary

55
Q

What are the functions of the endocrine system?

A
  • regulation of growth
  • reproduction
  • metabolism
  • fluid levels
  • glandular secretion
56
Q

How does the hypothalymus affect the endocrine system?

A
  • site of release of the releasing and inhibiting factors that enter the hypothalamo-hypopheseal portal system
  • affects anterior and posterior pituitary secretions
  • also site of manufacture of oxytocin (paraventricular nucleus) and vasopressin (supraoptic nucleus) and send them to the post. pit.
57
Q

What is the “master gland” of the body?

A

Pituitary gland controls many other endocrine glands

58
Q

What are the functions oxytocin?

A
  • Acts on uterine smooth muscle during labor as part of positive feedback loop
  • it contracts myoepithelial cells of mammary alveoli for milk letdown
  • this may be stimulated by suckling or by psychological factors such as a baby crying
59
Q

What is the embryologic origin of Adenohyophysis?

A
  • Rathke’s Pouch (roof of oral cavity.. ectoderm)
60
Q

What is the capillary organization of the anterior pituitary?

A

Hypothalemo-hypophyseal protal system that takes releasing factors from the median eminence of the hypothalamus to the anterior pit.
- has many fenestrated capillaries and no barrier (no BBB)

61
Q

What do the acidophils of the adenohypophysis secrete?

A

Secrete NON-TROPIC hormones (growth hormone and prolactin) –> direct effect

62
Q

What does growth hormone do?

A
  • Is produced by somatotropes (under influence of GRH)
  • stimulates synthesis of GH
  • increases cell division
  • inc protein synthesis
  • inc fat breakdown
  • regulate blood sugar (high blood sugar via glycogen breakdown)
  • somatostatin = growth hormone inhibiting factor
63
Q

What is prolactin?

A
  • promotes milk production
  • produced by lactotrophs
  • inhibited by dopamine
  • released into the HH portal system
  • suckling reduces this inhibition
64
Q

What do basophils in the ant. pit. do?

A

Secrete TROPIC hormones:

  • ACTH (corticotropes)
  • TSH (thyrotropes)
  • FSH/LH (gonadotropes)
65
Q

What do chromophobes of the adenohypophysis do?

A
  • not active in secreting hormones

- resting or replacement cells

66
Q

What does the thyroid gland control?

A
  • temperature control
  • basal metabolic rate
  • growth
  • nervous development
67
Q

Describe the histologic appearance of the thyroid?

A
  • Large follicles lined by cuboidal follicular cells
  • there is colloid within follicles (more inactive glands) and there are parafollicular “c” cells between follicles
  • many capillaries
68
Q

What is colloid?

A

Made of protein thyroglobulin

  • this is secreted into follicle colloid by follicular cells
  • These cells take up iodine and pump it into colloid where it iodinates thryoglobulin to make T3 and T4
69
Q

How is thryoid hormone secreted?

A
  • stimulated by TSH
  • follicular cells reuptake thyroglobulin and liberate T3 and T4
  • secreted into blood stream
70
Q

What is the significance of resorption lacunae?

A
  • regions near the active follicular cells where processes of these cells have internalized thyroglobulin
  • leaving and empty appearing region adjacent to the cell
  • more prominent in active thyroid
71
Q

Why is calcium regulation important?

A
  • too little = muscle cramps and tetany (hypocalicima)

- too much = muscle weakness, confusion, fatigue (hypercalicemia)

72
Q

What kind of cells are there in the PT gland?

A
  • chief cells (secrete parathyroid hormone)

- Oxyphil cells are more eosinophilic due to more mitochondria (no known function)

73
Q

What does PT hormone do?

A
  • increase Ca2+ in blood
  • increase osteoclast activity
  • inc Ca2+ resabsorption in kidney and GI (by activating vit D)
74
Q

What are the layers of the Adrenal Cortex?

A
  • Glomerulosa
  • Fasciculata
  • Reticularis
75
Q

What does the zona glomerulosa do?

A
  • secrete mineralcorticoids (adolsterone)
  • under influence of RAAS system
  • regulate electrolytes and water levels
76
Q

What does the zona fasiculata do?

A
  • secrete glucocorticoid (cortisol)
  • hormone helps deal with stressful situation
  • inc blood sugar, fat, amino acids, and BP
  • has a circadian rhythm, being high in the morning
  • regulated by ACTH from ant. pit
77
Q

What does zona reticularis do?

A
  • weak androgens
  • responsible for testosterone in women
  • makes estrogen in postmenopausal women
78
Q

Where does the adrenal medulla arise from?

A
  • neural crest cells

- similar to sympathetic ganglion cells

79
Q

What are the cells of the adrenal medulla and what do they do?

A
  • Chromaffin cells
  • innervated by sympathetic preganglionic neurons
  • secrete epi and NE
  • inc BP, HR, blood glucose
80
Q

What is the endocrine portion of the pancreas called?

A

Islets of Langerhans

81
Q

What type of cells are in the endocrine portion of the pancreas?

A
  • B-cell: secrete insulin in response to high blood sugar
  • a-cell: secrete glucagon in response to low blood sugar
  • Delta cell: secrete somatostatin which inhibits local hormone production
  • F cells: secrete pancreatic polypeptide
82
Q

What are the cells of the pineal gland called and what are the distinctive histologic features?

A
  • pinealocytes

- corpora arenacea (mineral deposits that show up on CT/MRI - brain sand) - effective distinguishing feature

83
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

Produces melatonin (helps sleep)

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