Lymphatic System

Question 1

State the primary function of the lymphatic system.

Answer 1

• Production, maintenance, and distribution of lymphocytes
• Return of fluid and solutes from peripheral tissue to the blood
• Distribute hormones, nutrients, and waste products from their tissue of origin to the general circulation

Question 2

List the components of the lymphatic system.

Answer 2

• Lymphatic vessels
• Lymph fluid
• Lymphoid organs

Question 3

State how lymph is formed.

Answer 3

Fluid from all parts of the body (except CNS) is collected by the lymphatic vessels and returned to the blood. Lymph is primarily made of lymphocytes.

Question 4

Describe how lymph is returned to the blood.

Answer 4

The liquid from peripheral tissue is captured by the lymphatic capillaries then carried by the larger lymphatic vessels from to the thoracic duct or the right lymphatic duct to be returned to the blood. The vessels allow one direction flow because of valves located in the vessels.

Question 5

State the location of lymph nodules.

Answer 5

they are found beneath the epithelia lining of various organs that are open to the outside envioronment (repiratory, digestive, and urinary systems)

Question 6

Describe lymph nodules and their function.

Answer 6

Masses of lymphoid tissue not surrounded by a fibrous capsule. They attempt to destroy bacterial and viral invaders from the outside environment.

Question 7

Give an exaple of a lymph nodule.

Answer 7

Appendix and tonsils.

Question 8

State the location of lymph nodes.

Answer 8

Located in regions near vital organs to detect and eliminate antigens.

Question 9

Describe the function of lymph nodes.

Answer 9

Fibrous capsules that filter and purify lymph before it returns to the venous system.

Question 10

Describe the function of the spleen.

Answer 10

Filters blood by removing abnormal blood cells and components, inititates an immune reponse, and stores iron from the recycled blood cells.

Question 11

State the location of the spleen.

Answer 11

between the stomach, left kidney, and diaphragm

Question 12

Define immunity.

Answer 12

security against a particular disease; non-suscptibility to the invasisve or pathogenic effects of foreign microorganisms or to the toxic effects of an antigenic substance.

Question 13

Describe the function of the thymus.

Answer 13

The location of T cell maturation.

Question 14

Define lymphocytes.

Answer 14

Leukocytes that are the primary cells of the lymphatic system comprised of T cells, B cells, and NK cells.

Question 15

List the various types of T cells and state their function.

Answer 15

• Cytotoxic T cells - Called killer T cells, track down and attack antigens
• Memory T cells - lie dormant until a previously encountered antigen is recognized, once the antigen is recognized they immediately differentiate into cytotoxic T cells
• Suppressor T cells - Suppress the responses of other T cells and B cells
• Helper T cells - Coordinate specific and non specific defenses and stimulate cell-mediated and antibody mediated immunity

Question 16

Describe the function of B cells and Memory B cells.

Answer 16

B cells are bone marrow derived and are activated by helper T cells through antibody mediated immunity. They are responsible for the production of and secretion antibodies. Memory B cells are formed during an initial exposure to an antigen. They lie dormant and await another exposure by the same antigen for a quicker response.

Question 17

Describe the development of T cells.

Answer 17

• created in red bone marrow
• travel to thymus
• mature in thymus
• primary lymphocyte (80% of lymphocytes)
• represent cell-mediated immunity

Question 18

Describe antibody mediated immunity.

Answer 18

Comprised fo B cells. Can differentiate into plasma cells that are responsible for the production and secretion of antibodies in the blood.

Question 19

Describe cell-mediated immunity.

Answer 19

Comprised of cytotoxic, helper, and suppressor T cells. Directly attack foreign cells infected with viruses.

Question 20

Define antibody.

Answer 20

Produced by B cells to destroy antigens.

Question 21

Describe neutralization.

Answer 21

Antibodies bind with toxins or viruses making them incapable of binding to a cell.

Question 22

Describe agglutination and precipitation.

Answer 22

A large number of antibodies bind to antigens and clump together that settle out of body fluids.

Question 23

Describe activation of complement.

Answer 23

Proteins bind to and destroy antigens.

Question 24

Describe attraction of phagocytes.

Answer 24

Antigens covered with antibodies attract phagocytes to destroy them.

Question 25

Describe enhancement of phagocytosis.

Answer 25

A coating of antibodies and proteins that increase the effectiveness of phagocytosis.

Question 26

Describe stimulation of inflammation.

Answer 26

Antibodies promote inflammation by stimulating basophils and mast cells that slow the spread of infection to other tissues.

Question 27

Describe genetic immunity.

Answer 27

Immunity aquired at birth that requires no prior exposure. Also known as innate immunity.

Question 28

Describe aquired immunity.

Answer 28

Immunity produced because of a previous exposure or antibody production. Can be passive or active.

Question 29

Define active immunity.

Answer 29

Immunity after an exposure to an antigen. Can be naturally aquired or induced (immunizations).

Question 30

Define passive immunity.

Answer 30

Antibodies that were transfered from another individual (mother to child).

Question 31

Describe the term infectious disease.

Answer 31

Infestation of the body with biological organisms such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, or helminthes.

Question 32

Define bacteria.

Answer 32

single-celled microorganism that cause infection

Question 33

Define virus.

Answer 33

a minute, non-living parasitic microorganism that need cells of a living plant or animal to replicate

Question 34

Define fungi.

Answer 34

spongy, abnormal growth marked by the absence of chlorophyll and the presence of a rigid cell wall

Question 35

Define protozoa.

Answer 35

animals consisting of one cell or a colony of like or similar cells

Question 36

Define helminthes.

Answer 36

parasitic worms

Question 37

Define prion.

Answer 37

a protein based particle found to be the cause of spongiform encephalopathies that cause tissue damage or death

Question 38

List ways of preventing and combating disease causing pathogens.

Answer 38

• use personal protective equipment
• follow body substance isolation procedures
• wash hands
• proper nutrition
• adequate rest
• stress reduction
• vaccinations

Question 39

Describe direct transmission of a infectious disease.

Answer 39

Direct contact between the source and the victim. oral transmission, airborne mucus droplets, fecal contamination, and sexual transmission

Question 40

Describe indirect transmission of a infectious disease.

Answer 40

Transmission from an animate or inanimate object from an organism that can survive without a host. air, food, water, soil, or biological matter

Question 41

List some important viral infectious diseases.

Answer 41

• HIV
• Hepatitis A, B, and C
• Meningitis
• Influenza
• Measles
• Mumps
• Rubella

Question 42

List some important bacterial infectious diseases.

Answer 42

• Tuberculosis
• Meningitis
• Cholera
• Plague
• Anthrax
• Epiglottitis
• Syphilis
• Chlamydia
• Salmonella

Question 43

Explain how vaccines work.

Answer 43

Vaccines contain a pathogenic organism that initiates a primary response to the organism so that if contact is made with the organism again, the immune system will be ready with a secondary response .

Question 44

Define allergy.

Answer 44

An inapropriate or excessive response to an antigen.

Question 45

Describe anaphylaxis.

Answer 45

An allergic reaction causes an inapropriate or excessive response affecting the mast cells throughout the body. Changes in capillary permeability, swelling and edema, welts or hives, contraction of repiratory passage ways, and in sever cases a drop in blood pressure are all signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis.

Question 46

How do antibiotics work.

Answer 46

Antibiotics are selective poisons designed to kill or stop replication of specific types of bacteria without harming human cells.

Question 47

Describe the blood brain barrier.

Answer 47

Capillaries in the brain have a barrier, not found on other capillaries in the body, that is not permeable by most bacteria. The bacteria are too large to cross the barrier.