Cardiovascular System - Blood Flashcards
List the general function of blood.
- regulation
- transportation
- protection
What is transported in blood?
- nutrients
- waste
- gases
- hormones
What does the blood help regulate?
- fluid-electrolyte balance
- acid-base balance
- body temperature
How does the blood help protect the body?
- white blood cells protect against pathogens
* blood clotting prevents excessive loss of blood
Define plasma.
Liquid part of blood, approximately 91% water.
Blood is _________ tissue?
connective
Cells and plasma make up what percentage of blood?
45% cells 55% plasma
List and describe the proteins carried by plasma.
- clotting factors - form clots in damaged blood vessels
- Albumin - most abundant plasma protein, pulls tissue fluid into capillaries, important to maintain normal blood volume and pressure
- globulins - transports lipid-soluble vitamins and fat molecules, some function as antibodies
- antibodies - destruction of pathogens and provide immunity
List the formed elements of blood and describe their function.
- erythrocytes (red blood cells) - oxygen transport
- leukosytes (white blood cells) - protect the body
- platelets - cell fragments, function in the blood-clotting process
Define hemopiesis.
Process by which cells are made.
Name the two hemopietic tissues.
red bone marrow lymphatic tissue
What blood cells are created in red bone marrow?
Mainly red blood cells.
How are red blood cells formed?
Stem cells in red bone marrow undergo mitosis, create hemoglobin, and lose their nucleus.
State the importance of erythropoietin.
Hormone produced in the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production.
What blood cells are created in lymphatic tissue?
lymphocytes monocytes
What is the basic function of erythrocytes (RBC)?
provide a stable enviroment for the protein hemoglobin (Hb)
What is formed when a erythrocyte (RBC) picks up oxygen in the pulmonary capillaries?
oxyhemoglobin
What allows oxygen to bond to hemoglobin?
four Iron atoms Iron gives RBC’s their red color
Define hematocrit.
total volume of the erythrocytes relative to the total blood volume
State the percentages of erythrocytes (RBC) found in blood in both men and women.
Men 42% - 52% Women 37% - 47%
Approximately how long to erythrocytes (RBC) live?
120 days
How are dead or dying erythrocytes (RBC) removed from circulation?
They are phagocytized by macrophages.
What happens to the iron after a erythrocyte (RBC) has been destroyed?
The iron is returned to the red bone marrow for creation of new hemoglobin. Any excess iron is stored in the liver.
What happens to hemoglobin after the destruction of erythrocytes (RBC)?
After the iron is removed, heme is left over. Heme is converted to bilirubin. The liver removes bilirubin from the blood, excretes it into bile, and secretes the bile into the duodenum. It passes through small intestine and colon and is eliminated in feces.
What four blood types are contained in the ABO group, what antigens do they carry, and what antibodies are present in their plasma?
- Type A - A antigen, B antibody
- Type B - B antigen, A antibody
- Type AB - A and B antigens, no antibody
- Type O - no antigens, A and B antibodies
What two types of antigens are found on red blood cell membranes?
A antigens B antigens
What consequence may occur if someone with type A blood was given type B blood?
Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction The donor blood would clump and rupture. The free hemoglobin from the ruptured cells could clog the capillaries fo the kidneys and lead to renal damage or failure.
Type O blood is known as?
universal donor
Type AB blood is known as?
universal recipient
What other antigen may be found on red blood cell membrane besides A and B?
Rh antigen Blood with the Rh antigen present on red blood cells are Rh positive. Those without are Rh negative.
Does Rh negative blood have Rh antibodies?
no
Define RhoGam.
Rh antibody that will destroy Rh positive RBCs.
Leukocytes (WBC) are classified into what two groups?
Granular produced in red bone marrow and agranular produced in lymphatic tissue.
Name the granular leukocytes produced by the red bone marrow.
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
Name the agranular leukocytes produced in the lymphatic tissue.
- lymphocytes
* monocytes
Define neutrophil.
most abundant phagocyte
Define eosinophil.
detoxify foreign proteins
Define basophil
contain heparin and histamine
Define lymphocyte.
T cells and B cells
Define monocytes.
most efficient phagocyte
Explain how leukocytes migrate.
Self locomotion by ameboid movement. Able to squeeze between the cells of capillary walls into tissue spaces.
What does a high WBC count in a CBC indicate?
leukocytosis indicates a possible infection
Define leukopenia.
Low white blood cell count in a CBC
What disease is characterized by a very high count of nonfunctionable WBC’s?
Leukemia
Platelets are also called…
Thrombocytes
Whats the life span of a thrombocyte?
5-9 days
Define hemostasis.
prevention of blood loss
Explain the mechanisms of hemostasis.
- Vascular spasm - platelets bring about vasoconstriction so that an area in a damaged vessel may be blocked by a blood clot
- Platelet plug - platelets stick together to form a mechanical wall to close off a break in a capillary
- Chemical clotting - a series of reactions involving chemicals that are released and others circulating in the blood to clot a damaged vessel
Name the stages of chemical clotting.
- prothrombin activator
- thrombin
- protein fibrin
Define fibrin.
thread like protein that form a mesh over the damaged area of a vessel that traps RBC’s which makes a wall stop the bleeding
Define hemophilia.
the absense of clotting factor
Define thrombus.
blood clot
Define thrombosis.
clotting in an intact vessel
Define embolism.
a clot or other tissue transported from elsewhere that lodges in and obstructs a vessel
Explain how abnormal clotting is prevented in the vascular system.
The release of heparin, produced by basophils, is a natural anticoagulant which inhibits clotting. The liver produces a globulin called antithrombin, which combines with and inactivates excess thrombin.
