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Anaphy (2nd sem) > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

1
Q

Responsible for cleaning escaped fluid from the blood and maintains normal blood volume and pressure

A

Lymphatic system

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2
Q

2-semi independent parts

A
  1. Lymphatic vessels
  2. Lymphoid tissues and organs
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3
Q

Specifically lymph nodes, filtering and cleaning escaped fluid before being brought back to circulation

A

Lymphoid tissues and organs

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4
Q

Responsible for circulating lymph

A

Lymphatic vessels

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5
Q

Functions of lymphatic system

A
  1. Transports escaped fluids from the cardiovascular system back to the blood
  2. Plays essential roles in body defense and resistance to disease
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6
Q

Consists of excess tissue fluid and plasma proteins carried by lymphatic vessels

A

Lymph

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7
Q

Lymph-collecting vessels (6)

A
  • Collect lymph from lymph capillaries
  • Carry lymph to and away from lymph nodes
  • Return fluid to circulatory veins near the heart
  • Right lymphatic duct drains the lymph from the right arm and the right of the head and thorax
  • Thoracic duct drains lymph from the rest of the body
  • Have valve to prevent backflow
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8
Q

Pick up excess fluid and return it to the blood

A

Lymph

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9
Q

If fluid are not picked up, _________ occurs as fluid accumulates in tissues

A

Edema

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10
Q

Filter lymph before it is returned to the blood

A

Lymph nodes

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11
Q

Defense cells within lymph nodes:

A
  • Macrophages
  • Lymphocytes
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12
Q

Engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances

A

Macrophages

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13
Q

Respond to foreign substances in lymph

A

Lymphocytes

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14
Q

Surrounded by a capsule and divided into compartments by trabeculae

A

Lymph nodes

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15
Q

Contains follicles (collections of lymphocytes) and germinal centers enlarge when antibodies are released by plasma cells

A

Cortex

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16
Q

Antibodies attach to viruses and try to deactivate it

A

Humor-mediated

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17
Q

Contains phagocytic macrophages

A

Medulla

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18
Q

Direct interaction between cells

A

Cell-mediated

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19
Q
  • Located on the left side of the abdomen
  • Filters and cleans blood of bacteria, viruses, and debris
  • Provides a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance
  • Destroys worn-out blood cells
  • Forms blood cells in the fetus
  • Acts as a blood reservoir
A

Spleen

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20
Q

Matures in thymus gland

A

T-lymphocytes

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21
Q

Matures in bone marrow

A

B-lymphocytes

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22
Q
  • Found overlying the heart
  • Functions at peak levels only during youth
A

Thymus

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23
Q
  • Small masses of lymphoid tissue deep to mucosa surrounding the pharynx
  • Trap and remove bacteria and other foreign pathogens
A

Tonsils

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24
Q

Results when tonsils become congested with bacteria

A

Tonsilitis

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25
Q
  • Found in the walls of small intestine
  • Similar lymphoid follicles are found in the appendix
  • Macrophages capture and destroy bacteria in the intestine
A

Pyer’s patches

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26
Q

Physical barriers, chemical barriers, cellular defenses

A

Innate/non-specific body defense

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27
Q

First line of defense

A

Surface membrane barriers

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28
Q

Secrete protective substances

A

Surface membrane barriers

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29
Q

Second line of defense

A

Cells and Chemicals: Internal defenses

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30
Q
  • Control several types of tumors and microbial infections by limiting their spread and subsequent tissue damage
  • Release perforin and granzymes to degrade target cell contents
A

Natural killers

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31
Q

Neutrophils and macrophages engulf foreign material by phagocytosis

A

Phagocytes

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32
Q

Fused with a lysosome, and enzymes digest the cell’s contents

A

Phagocytic vesicle

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33
Q

Triggered when body tissues are injured

A

Inflammatory response

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34
Q

Cardinal signs of acute inflammation

A
  • Redness
  • Heat
  • Pain
  • Swelling
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35
Q

Inflammatory response release the inflammatory chemicals

A
  • Histamine
  • Kinin
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36
Q
  • Prevents spread of damaging agents
  • Disposes of cell debris and pathogens through phagocytosis
  • Sets the stage for repair
A

Inflammatory response

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37
Q

Abnormally high body temperature as systemic response to microorganism invasion

A

Fever

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38
Q

Inhibits the release of iron and zinc from the liver and spleen

A

Temperature

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39
Q

Hypothalamus thermostat can be reset higher by?

A

Pyrogens (secreted by WBC)

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40
Q

Attack directly, hinder the reproduction of microorganisms

A

Antimicrobial proteins

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41
Q

Group of at least 20 plasma proteins that circulate in plasma

A

Complement proteins

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42
Q

Activated when these plasma proteins encounter and attach to cells

A

Complement proteins

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43
Q

Enhances inflammatory response

A

Activated complement

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44
Q

Small proteins secreted by virus-infected cells

A

Interferons

45
Q

Bind to membrane receptors on healthy cell surfaces to interfere with the ability of viruses to multiply

A

Interferons

46
Q

3 aspects of adaptive/specific body defense

A
  1. Antigen-specific
  2. System
  3. Memory
47
Q

Recognizes and acts against particular foreign substance

A

Antigen-specific

48
Q

Not restricted to the initial infection site

A

Systemic

49
Q

Recognizes and mounts stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens

A

Memory

50
Q

2 arms of Artificial Immune System

A
  1. Humoral immunity (antibody-media immunity)
  2. Cellular immunity (cell-mediated immunity)
51
Q

Provided by antibodies present in body fluids

A

Humoral immunity (antibody-media immunity)

52
Q

Targets virus-infected cells, cancer cells, and cells of foreign grafts

A

Cellular immunity (cell-mediated immunity)

53
Q

Any substance capable of exciting the immune system and provoking an immune response

A

Antigens

54
Q

Foreign proteins, nucleic acids, large carbohydrates, some lipids, pollen grains, microorganisms

A

Non-self antigens

55
Q

Provoke strongest response

A

Foreign proteins

56
Q

Protein and carbohydrate molecules in human cells

A

Self-antigens

57
Q
  • Do not trigger an immune response within the own body
  • Presence in another body can trigger an immune response
A

Self-antigens

58
Q

Not antigenic by themselves

A

Haptens (Incomplete antigens)

59
Q

When they link up with proteins, the immune system recognize the combination as foreign and respond with an attack

A

Haptens

60
Q

Cells of the AIS

A
  1. Lymphocytes
  2. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
61
Q

Arise from hemocytoblasts of bone marrow

A

Lymphocytes

62
Q

Capability to respond to a specific antigen by binding to it with antigen-specific receptors that appear on lymphocyte’s surface

A

Immunocompetence

63
Q

Produce antibodies, oversee humoral immunity

A

B lymphocytes (B cells)

64
Q

Don’t produce antibodies, oversee cell-mediated immunity, identify foreign antigens

A

T lymphocytes (T cells)

65
Q

Help lymphocytes but don’t respond to specific antigens

A

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

66
Q

Humoral immunity is divided into

A
  1. Active
  2. Passive
67
Q

Immunity developed after being exposed to an infection or from a vaccine

A

Active

68
Q

Antibodies made after exposure to infection

A

Natural

69
Q

Antibodies made after getting a vaccination

A

Artificial

70
Q

Immunity you acquire from someone or something else

A

Passive

71
Q

Antibodies transmitted from mother to baby

A

Natural

72
Q

Antibodies made after getting an immune serum medicine

A

Artificial

73
Q
  • Secreted by activated B cells
  • Formed in response to a huge number of antigens
A

Immunoglobulins (Igs)

74
Q

Five major immunoglobulin classes (MADGE)

A
  1. IgM - can fix complement
  2. IgA - found in secretions
  3. IgD - important in B-cell activation
  4. IgG - can cross the placental barrier and fix complement; most abundant in antibody in plasma
  5. IgE - involved in allergies
75
Q

Antibodies inactivate antigens by

A
  1. Complement fixation
  2. Neutralization
  3. Agglutination
  4. Precipitation
76
Q

Chief antibody ammunition against cellular antigens

A

Complement fixation

77
Q

Antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins or on viruses that can cause cell injury

A

Neutralization

78
Q

Antibody-antigen reaction that causes clumping of cells

A

Agglutination

79
Q

Cross-linking reaction in which antigen-antibody complex settles out of solution

A

Precipitation

80
Q

Antibodies neutralize it and prevent it from infecting more cells

A

Virus

81
Q

Antibody coats mark cells for destruction through several immune pathways

A

Bacteria/Target cells

82
Q

Attraction immune cells like NK cells that can kill cells coated with antibodies

A

Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity

83
Q

Engulfing of target cells, attraction of phagocytes

A

Phagocytosis

84
Q

Activating the complement that causes pores to appear in the membrane of the pathogens allowing influx of water, resulting to the bursting of the cell

A

Complement-dependent cytotoxicity

85
Q

Different classes of effector T-cells

A
  1. Cytotoxic
  2. Helper
  3. Regulatory
86
Q

Produces toxic agents to kill their targets

A

Cytotoxic

87
Q

Stimulate B-cells to produce antibodies, T-cells to become active

A

Helper

88
Q

Suppress immune responses

A

Regulatory

89
Q

Specialize in killing infected cells

A

Cytotoxic (Killer) T-cells

90
Q

Tissue that is transplanted from one site to another on the same person

A

Autograft

91
Q

Tissue that is transplanted from a genetically identical person

A

Isograft

92
Q

Tissue is taken from a person other than an identical twin

A

Allograft

93
Q

Most common organ transplant

A

Allograft

94
Q

Tissue is taken from a different animal species

A

Xenograft

95
Q

Immune system overreacts to a harmless antigen, and tissue damage occurs

A

Allergies (hypersensitivities)

96
Q

2 types of allergies (hypersensitivities)

A
  1. Immediate (acute) hypersensitivity (allergic reaction)
  2. Delayed hyper sensitivity
97
Q
  • Due to IgE antibodies and histamine
  • Anaphylactic shock is systemic and rare
A

Immediate (acute) hypersensitivity (allergic reaction)

98
Q
  • Activity of T-cells, macrophages, and cytokines
  • Symptoms appear after 1 to 3 days after contact with antigen
  • Allergic contact dermatitis
A

Delayed hypersensitivity

99
Q

Body produces auto-antibodies and sensitized T-lymphocytes

A

Autoimmune Diseases

100
Q

Destroys joints

A

Rheumatoid arthtritis

101
Q

Impair communication between nerves and skeletal muscle

A

Myasthenia gravis

102
Q

White matter of brain and spinal cord is destroyed

A

Multiple sclerosis

103
Q

Thyroid produces excess thyroxine

A

Graves’ disease

104
Q

Destroys pancreatic beta cells, resulting deficient insulin production

A

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

105
Q

Affects kidney, heart, lung, and skin; usually characterized by butterfly rash that spreads out across the nose and cheeks

A

Systemic lupus erythematosus

106
Q

Severe impairment of kidney function due to acute inflammation

A

Glomerulonephritis

107
Q

May be congenital or acquired

A

Immunodeficiencies

108
Q

Congenital disease, usually cocooned in bubble to protect them from the environment

A

Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) aka Bubble Boy Disease

109
Q

Caused by a virus that attacks and cripples the helper T-cells

A

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)

Anaphy (2nd sem) (7 decks)

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