Lymphatic System Flashcards
1
Q
Responsible for cleaning escaped fluid from the blood and maintains normal blood volume and pressure
A
Lymphatic system
2
Q
2-semi independent parts
A
- Lymphatic vessels
- Lymphoid tissues and organs
3
Q
Specifically lymph nodes, filtering and cleaning escaped fluid before being brought back to circulation
A
Lymphoid tissues and organs
4
Q
Responsible for circulating lymph
A
Lymphatic vessels
5
Q
Functions of lymphatic system
A
- Transports escaped fluids from the cardiovascular system back to the blood
- Plays essential roles in body defense and resistance to disease
6
Q
Consists of excess tissue fluid and plasma proteins carried by lymphatic vessels
A
Lymph
7
Q
Lymph-collecting vessels (6)
A
- Collect lymph from lymph capillaries
- Carry lymph to and away from lymph nodes
- Return fluid to circulatory veins near the heart
- Right lymphatic duct drains the lymph from the right arm and the right of the head and thorax
- Thoracic duct drains lymph from the rest of the body
- Have valve to prevent backflow
8
Q
Pick up excess fluid and return it to the blood
A
Lymph
9
Q
If fluid are not picked up, _________ occurs as fluid accumulates in tissues
A
Edema
10
Q
Filter lymph before it is returned to the blood
A
Lymph nodes
11
Q
Defense cells within lymph nodes:
A
- Macrophages
- Lymphocytes
12
Q
Engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances
A
Macrophages
13
Q
Respond to foreign substances in lymph
A
Lymphocytes
14
Q
Surrounded by a capsule and divided into compartments by trabeculae
A
Lymph nodes
15
Q
Contains follicles (collections of lymphocytes) and germinal centers enlarge when antibodies are released by plasma cells
A
Cortex
16
Q
Antibodies attach to viruses and try to deactivate it
A
Humor-mediated
17
Q
Contains phagocytic macrophages
A
Medulla
18
Q
Direct interaction between cells
A
Cell-mediated
19
Q
- Located on the left side of the abdomen
- Filters and cleans blood of bacteria, viruses, and debris
- Provides a site for lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance
- Destroys worn-out blood cells
- Forms blood cells in the fetus
- Acts as a blood reservoir
A
Spleen
20
Q
Matures in thymus gland
A
T-lymphocytes
21
Q
Matures in bone marrow
A
B-lymphocytes
22
Q
- Found overlying the heart
- Functions at peak levels only during youth
A
Thymus
23
Q
- Small masses of lymphoid tissue deep to mucosa surrounding the pharynx
- Trap and remove bacteria and other foreign pathogens
A
Tonsils
24
Q
Results when tonsils become congested with bacteria
A
Tonsilitis
25
- Found in the walls of small intestine
- Similar lymphoid follicles are found in the appendix
- Macrophages capture and destroy bacteria in the intestine
Pyer's patches
26
Physical barriers, chemical barriers, cellular defenses
Innate/non-specific body defense
27
First line of defense
Surface membrane barriers
28
Secrete protective substances
Surface membrane barriers
29
Second line of defense
Cells and Chemicals: Internal defenses
30
- Control several types of tumors and microbial infections by limiting their spread and subsequent tissue damage
- Release perforin and granzymes to degrade target cell contents
Natural killers
31
Neutrophils and macrophages engulf foreign material by phagocytosis
Phagocytes
32
Fused with a lysosome, and enzymes digest the cell's contents
Phagocytic vesicle
33
Triggered when body tissues are injured
Inflammatory response
34
Cardinal signs of acute inflammation
- Redness
- Heat
- Pain
- Swelling
35
Inflammatory response release the inflammatory chemicals
- Histamine
- Kinin
36
- Prevents spread of damaging agents
- Disposes of cell debris and pathogens through phagocytosis
- Sets the stage for repair
Inflammatory response
37
Abnormally high body temperature as systemic response to microorganism invasion
Fever
38
Inhibits the release of iron and zinc from the liver and spleen
Temperature
39
Hypothalamus thermostat can be reset higher by?
Pyrogens (secreted by WBC)
40
Attack directly, hinder the reproduction of microorganisms
Antimicrobial proteins
41
Group of at least 20 plasma proteins that circulate in plasma
Complement proteins
42
Activated when these plasma proteins encounter and attach to cells
Complement proteins
43
Enhances inflammatory response
Activated complement
44
Small proteins secreted by virus-infected cells
Interferons
45
Bind to membrane receptors on healthy cell surfaces to interfere with the ability of viruses to multiply
Interferons
46
3 aspects of adaptive/specific body defense
1. Antigen-specific
2. System
3. Memory
47
Recognizes and acts against particular foreign substance
Antigen-specific
48
Not restricted to the initial infection site
Systemic
49
Recognizes and mounts stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens
Memory
50
2 arms of Artificial Immune System
1. Humoral immunity (antibody-media immunity)
2. Cellular immunity (cell-mediated immunity)
51
Provided by antibodies present in body fluids
Humoral immunity (antibody-media immunity)
52
Targets virus-infected cells, cancer cells, and cells of foreign grafts
Cellular immunity (cell-mediated immunity)
53
Any substance capable of exciting the immune system and provoking an immune response
Antigens
54
Foreign proteins, nucleic acids, large carbohydrates, some lipids, pollen grains, microorganisms
Non-self antigens
55
Provoke strongest response
Foreign proteins
56
Protein and carbohydrate molecules in human cells
Self-antigens
57
- Do not trigger an immune response within the own body
- Presence in another body can trigger an immune response
Self-antigens
58
Not antigenic by themselves
Haptens (Incomplete antigens)
59
When they link up with proteins, the immune system recognize the combination as foreign and respond with an attack
Haptens
60
Cells of the AIS
1. Lymphocytes
2. Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
61
Arise from hemocytoblasts of bone marrow
Lymphocytes
62
Capability to respond to a specific antigen by binding to it with antigen-specific receptors that appear on lymphocyte's surface
Immunocompetence
63
Produce antibodies, oversee humoral immunity
B lymphocytes (B cells)
64
Don't produce antibodies, oversee cell-mediated immunity, identify foreign antigens
T lymphocytes (T cells)
65
Help lymphocytes but don't respond to specific antigens
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
66
Humoral immunity is divided into
1. Active
2. Passive
67
Immunity developed after being exposed to an infection or from a vaccine
Active
68
Antibodies made after exposure to infection
Natural
69
Antibodies made after getting a vaccination
Artificial
70
Immunity you acquire from someone or something else
Passive
71
Antibodies transmitted from mother to baby
Natural
72
Antibodies made after getting an immune serum medicine
Artificial
73
- Secreted by activated B cells
- Formed in response to a huge number of antigens
Immunoglobulins (Igs)
74
Five major immunoglobulin classes (MADGE)
1. IgM - can fix complement
2. IgA - found in secretions
3. IgD - important in B-cell activation
4. IgG - can cross the placental barrier and fix complement; most abundant in antibody in plasma
5. IgE - involved in allergies
75
Antibodies inactivate antigens by
1. Complement fixation
2. Neutralization
3. Agglutination
4. Precipitation
76
Chief antibody ammunition against cellular antigens
Complement fixation
77
Antibodies bind to specific sites on bacterial exotoxins or on viruses that can cause cell injury
Neutralization
78
Antibody-antigen reaction that causes clumping of cells
Agglutination
79
Cross-linking reaction in which antigen-antibody complex settles out of solution
Precipitation
80
Antibodies neutralize it and prevent it from infecting more cells
Virus
81
Antibody coats mark cells for destruction through several immune pathways
Bacteria/Target cells
82
Attraction immune cells like NK cells that can kill cells coated with antibodies
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
83
Engulfing of target cells, attraction of phagocytes
Phagocytosis
84
Activating the complement that causes pores to appear in the membrane of the pathogens allowing influx of water, resulting to the bursting of the cell
Complement-dependent cytotoxicity
85
Different classes of effector T-cells
1. Cytotoxic
2. Helper
3. Regulatory
86
Produces toxic agents to kill their targets
Cytotoxic
87
Stimulate B-cells to produce antibodies, T-cells to become active
Helper
88
Suppress immune responses
Regulatory
89
Specialize in killing infected cells
Cytotoxic (Killer) T-cells
90
Tissue that is transplanted from one site to another on the same person
Autograft
91
Tissue that is transplanted from a genetically identical person
Isograft
92
Tissue is taken from a person other than an identical twin
Allograft
93
Most common organ transplant
Allograft
94
Tissue is taken from a different animal species
Xenograft
95
Immune system overreacts to a harmless antigen, and tissue damage occurs
Allergies (hypersensitivities)
96
2 types of allergies (hypersensitivities)
1. Immediate (acute) hypersensitivity (allergic reaction)
2. Delayed hyper sensitivity
97
- Due to IgE antibodies and histamine
- Anaphylactic shock is systemic and rare
Immediate (acute) hypersensitivity (allergic reaction)
98
- Activity of T-cells, macrophages, and cytokines
- Symptoms appear after 1 to 3 days after contact with antigen
- Allergic contact dermatitis
Delayed hypersensitivity
99
Body produces auto-antibodies and sensitized T-lymphocytes
Autoimmune Diseases
100
Destroys joints
Rheumatoid arthtritis
101
Impair communication between nerves and skeletal muscle
Myasthenia gravis
102
White matter of brain and spinal cord is destroyed
Multiple sclerosis
103
Thyroid produces excess thyroxine
Graves' disease
104
Destroys pancreatic beta cells, resulting deficient insulin production
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
105
Affects kidney, heart, lung, and skin; usually characterized by butterfly rash that spreads out across the nose and cheeks
Systemic lupus erythematosus
106
Severe impairment of kidney function due to acute inflammation
Glomerulonephritis
107
May be congenital or acquired
Immunodeficiencies
108
Congenital disease, usually cocooned in bubble to protect them from the environment
Severe combined immunodeficiency disease (SCID) aka Bubble Boy Disease
109
Caused by a virus that attacks and cripples the helper T-cells
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
