Blood and Blood Vessels Flashcards
1
Q
Transports everything that must be carried from one place to another
A
Blood
2
Q
Only fluid tissue in the human body
A
Blood
3
Q
Blood is also known as the?
A
“River of Life”
4
Q
Components of blood
A
- Formed elements (living cells) 45%
- Plasma (nonliving fluid matrix) 55%
5
Q
Thin, whitish layer between the erythrocytes and plasma
A
Buffy coat
6
Q
Contains leukocytes and platelets (less than 1 percent of blood)
A
Buffy coat
7
Q
What happens when blood is separated?
A
- Erythrocytes sink to the bottom
- Buffy coat in between, which is a thin, whitish layer
- Plasma rises to the top
8
Q
Erythrocytes is 45 percent of blood, and this percentage is known as?
A
Hematocrit
9
Q
- Sticky, opaque fluid
- Heavier and thicker than water
A
Blood
10
Q
What color is oxygen-rich blood?
A
Scarlet red
11
Q
What color is oxygen-poor blood?
A
Dull red or purple
12
Q
________ is metallic and has a salty taste, often found in ________
A
Blood; children
13
Q
Blood pH is slightly ________, between ____ and ____
A
Alkaline; 7.35 and 7.45
14
Q
Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temperature because?
A
Cause of friction produced as blood flows through the vessels
15
Q
Temperature of blood pH
A
38 degrees Celsius or 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit
16
Q
Blood accounts for approximately ____% of body weight
A
8%
17
Q
Blood volume in healthy adults is ___ to ____ liters, or about _____ quarts
A
5 to 6; 6
18
Q
It is the liquid part of the blood, straw-colored fluid
A
Plasma
19
Q
Plasma is approximately ____% water
A
90%
20
Q
Over 100 different substances are dissolved in plasma; some examples are:
A
- Nutrients
- Salts (electrolytes)
- Respiratory gases
- Hormones
- Plasma proteins
- Various wastes and products of cell metabolism
21
Q
Most abundant solutes in plasma
A
Plasma proteins
22
Q
Except for antibodies and protein-based hormones, what makes the most plasma proteins?
A
Liver
23
Q
Acts as a carrier to shuttle certain molecules through circulation, is an important blood buffer and contributes to osmotic pressure, helps keep water in bloodstream
A
Albumin
24
Q
Help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured
A
Clotting proteins
25
Help protect the body from pathogens
Antibodies
26
When blood drops to undesirable levels, the ____ is stimulated to make more proteins
Liver
27
When the blood becomes too acidic or too basic, both the ____ system and ____ system are called into action to restore it to its normal alkaline pH range of 7.35 to 7.45
Urinary and Respiratory
28
- Most abundant living cell in the blood
- Functions to carry oxygen
- Differs from other blood cells
Erythrocytes
29
What makes RBCs different from other blood cells?
- Anucleate
- Contain few organelles; lack mitochondira
- Essentially bags of hemoglobin
- Normal count is 5 million RBCs per cubic millimeter of blood
30
Homeostatic Imbalance of RBCs: Decrease in oxygen-carrying ability of blood
Anemia
31
Homeostatic Imbalance of RBCs: Disorder resulting from excessive or abnormal increase of RBCs
Polycythemia
32
- Crucial in body defense against diseases
- Complete cells, with nucleus and organelles
- Able to move into and out of blood vessels (diapedesis)
- Respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues
- Move by amoeboid motion
- 4800 to 10800 WBCs per mm³ of blood
Leukocytes
33
Homeostatic Imbalance of Leukocytes:
- WBC count above 11,000 cells per mm³ of blood
- Generally indicates an infection
Leukocytosis
34
Homeostatic Imbalance of Leukocytes:
- Abnormally low WBC count
- Commonly caused by certain drugs, such as corticosteroids and anticancer agents
Leukopenia
35
Homeostatic Imbalance of Leukocytes:
- Bone marrow becomes cancerous
- Numerous immature WBC are produced that tend to crowd: RBC that affects the supply of oxygen, platelets when there is damage, and normal WBC to fight infection
Leukemia
36
What are the types of Leukocytes?
- Granulocytes
- Agranulocytes
37
- Cytoplasmic granules can be stained
- Possess lobed nuclei
- Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
Granulocytes
38
- Lack of visible cytoplasmic granules
- Nuclei are spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped
- Include monocytes and lymphocytes
Agranulocytes
39
Name the WBCs from most to least abundant
Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils
40
Most numerous WBC
Neutrophils
41
- Multilobed nucleus
- Cytoplasm stains pink and contains fine granules
- Function as phagocytes at active sites of infection
- Numbers increase during infection
- 3,000 to 7,000 neutrophils per mm³ of blood.
Neutrophils
42
- Bilobed nucleus
- Nucleus stains blue-red
- Brick-red cytoplasmic granules
- Function is to kill parasitic worms and play a role in allergy attacks
- 100 to 400 eosinophils per mm³ of blood
Eosinophils
43
Rarest WBC
Basophils
44
- Multilobed nucleus that contains round, prominent granules
- Large histamine-containing granules that stain dark blue
- Presence can be an indication of severe allergic reaction
- Contain heparin
- 20 to 50 basophils per mm³ of blood
Basophils
45
- Strictly larger than RBCs
- Large, dark purple nucleus
- Reside in lymphatic tissues
- Plays a role in immune response
Lymphocytes
46
Produces antibodies
B-cells
47
Fight foreign invaders
T-cells
48
- Largest of the WBCs
- Distinctive U or kidney-shaped nucleus
- Function as macrophages when they migrate into tissues
- Important in fighting chronic infection
- 100-700 monocytes per mm³ of blood
Monocytes
49
- Fragments of megakaryocytes
- Needed for the clotting process
- Normal platelet count is 300,000 platelets per mm³ of blood
Thrombocytes
50
Homeostatic Imbalance of Thrombocytes:
- Sudden decrease in the platelet count in the blood
- Caused by too much consumption of alcohol, bone marrow disease, drugs used for cancer therapy
Thrombocytopenia
51
Homeostatic Imbalance of Thrombocytes:
- Increase in the number of platelets that an infection can cause
Thrombocytosis
52
The increase in number of platelets is unknown
Thrombocytosis
53
- Occurs in red bone marrow or myeloid tissue
- All the formed elements arise from a common stem cells, a hemocytoblast
Hematopoiesis
54
RBCs wear out in?
100 to 120 days
55
When worn out, what happens to RBCs?
Eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver
56
What happens to the Hb of worn out RBCs?
Recycled
57
The formation of new RBCs depends on?
Division of hemocytoblast
58
Formation of new RBCs depends on division of hemocytoblast, usually controlled by what hormone produced by the kidney?
Erythropoietin
59
Formation of WBC and Platelets is controlled by?
Hormones
60
Prompt bone marrow to generate leukocytes
Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins
61
Stimulates production of platelets from megakaryocytes
Thrombopoietin
62
Process of stopping the bleeding that results from a break in a blood vessel
Hemostasis
63
3 phases of hemostasis
1. Vascular spasms
2. Platelet plug formation
3. Coagulation
64
Immediate response to blood vessel injury is vasoconstriction, causing blood vessel spasms
Vascular spasms
65
- Collagen fibers are exposed; platelets adhere
- Fibrinogen fibers cause the platelets to become sticky
- Platelets release chemicals that attract more platelets
- Platelet plug forms due to stickiness
Platelet plug formation
66
- Blood usually clots within 3 to 6 minutes
- The clot remains as endothelium regenerates
- The clot is broken down after tissue repair
- Injured tissues release TS, which interacts with PF3; a phospholipid that coats the surface of platelets
- Combination with other clotting factors and calcium ions, form an activator that leads to the formation of thrombin which joins soluble fibrinogen proteins into long, hairlike molecules of insoluble fibrinogen which forms a meshwork that traps RBCs and forms the basis of the clot
- Within the hour, clot begins to retract, squeezing serum from mass and pulling ruptures edges of blood vessel together
Coagulation
67
Disorders of Hemostasis (Undesirable Clotting):
- A clot in a n unbroken blood vessel (blocking passage)
- Can be deadly in areas such as the lungs
Thrombus
68
Disorders of Hemostasis (Undesirable Clotting):
- Thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the body
- Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain
Embolus
69
Disorders of Hemostasis (Bleeding Disorders):
- Insufficient number of circulating platelets
- Arises from any condition that suppresses the bone marrow
- Even normal movement can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that required platelets for clotting
- Evidenced by petechiae
Thrombocytopenia
70
- Hereditary bleeding disorder
- Normal clotting factors are missing
- Minor tissue damage can cause life-threatening prolonged bleeding
Hemophilia
71
Blood contains genetically determined proteins known as?
Antigens
72
Are the "recognizers" that bind foreign antigens
Antibodies
73
Are substance that the body recognizes as foreign and that the immune system may attack
Antigens
74
Blood is typed by using ________ that will cause blood with certain proteins to cump and lysed
antibodies
75
Loses of blood: 15 to 30%
Causes weakness
76
Loses of blood: Over 30%
Causes shock
77
Blood types are based on the presence or absence of 2 antigens:
- Type A
- Type B
78
Presence of both antigens
Blood type AB
79
Presence of antigen A
Blood type A
80
Presence of antigen B
Blood type B
81
Absence of both
Blood type O
82
What blood type is the universal donor?
O
83
- Originally identified in Rhesus monkeys
- Named for the eight Rh antigens
Rh blood group
84
Blood samples are mixed with Anti-A and Anti-B serums, ________ or ________ leads to the identification of blood type
Agglutination; lack of agglutination
85
Testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by recipients serum
Cross-matching
86
Expect agglutination will occur for both anti-A and anti-B serum
Blood type AB
87
Expect agglutination upon addition of anti-B serum
Blood type B
88
Expect agglutination upon addition of anti-A serum
Blood type A
89
Expect no coagulation to be observed as there are no surface antigens present
Blood type O
90
Addition of anti-B serum causes coagulation
Rh+
91
Are early sites of blood cells formation
Fetal liver and spleen
92
Takes over hematopoiesis by seventh month
Bone marrow
93
Form a closed vascular system that transports blood to the tissue and back to the heart
Blood vessel
94
Vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Arteries and arterioles
95
Vessels that play a role in exchanges/connection between tissue and blood
Capillary beds
96
Vessels that return blood back to the heart
Venules and veins
97
What are the layers in blood vessels?
1. Tunica intima
2. Tunica media
3. Tunica externa
98
Forms a friction-reducing lining known as the endothelium
Tunica intima
99
Smooth muscle and elastic tissue, controlled by sympathetic NS
Tunica media
100
- Forms protective outermost covering
- Mostly fibrous connective tissue
- upports and protects the vessel
Tunica externa
101
Capillaries are only composed of what layer?
Tunica intima
102
Thickest layer of the blood vessel
Tunica media
103
Tunica media: Smooth muscle allows ________ to ensure continuous blood flow
Micro contraction
104
Tunica media: Elastic tissue allow ________ and extend depending on the blood contraction
Blood vessels to expand
105
Capillaries only contain 1 layer to allow?
Allow exchange of materials between vessels and organs
106
How many layers does arteries and veins contain?
3 layers
107
- Have a heavier, stronger, stretcher tunica media than veins to withstand changes in pressure
- Able to accommodate the pressure change
Arteries
108
- Thinner tunica media than arteries and operate under low pressure
- Have valves to prevent backflow of blood
- Lumen of veins is larger than of arteries
Veins
109
________ "milks" blood in veins toward heart; aids to open valve because smooth muscle cannot
Skeletal muscle
110
- Only one cell layer thick; allows diffusion
- Allow for exchanges between blood and tissue
Capillaries
111
Blood flow through a capillary bed
Microcirculation
112
Capillaries form networks called?
Capillary beds
113
Capillary beds consists of?
- A vascular shunt
- True capillaries
114
- Branch off a terminal arteriole
- Empty directly into a postcapillary venule
- Entrances to capillary beds are guarded by precapillary sphincters
True capillaries
115
Ensures no backflow and proper transportation
Precapillary sphincters
116
Internal carotid arteries divide into
- Anterior cerebral arteries
- Middle/posterior cerebral arteries
117
Internal carotid arteries supply most of the?
Cerebrum
118
Join once within the skull to form basilar artery
Vertebral arteries
119
Serves the brainstem and cerebellum
Vertebral arteries
120
United by small communicating arterial branches
Anterior and posterior blood supplies
121
Anterior and posterior blood supplies are united by small communicating arterial branches, resulting to a complete circle of connecting blood vessels called?
Cerebral arterial circle or Circle of Willis
122
Formed by veins draining the digestive organs, which empty into the hepatic portal vein
Hepatic portal circulation
123
Carries blood to the liver, where it is processed before returning to systemic circulation
Hepatic portal vein
