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Anaphy (2nd sem) > Blood and Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood and Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Transports everything that must be carried from one place to another

A

Blood

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2
Q

Only fluid tissue in the human body

A

Blood

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3
Q

Blood is also known as the?

A

“River of Life”

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4
Q

Components of blood

A
  • Formed elements (living cells) 45%
  • Plasma (nonliving fluid matrix) 55%
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5
Q

Thin, whitish layer between the erythrocytes and plasma

A

Buffy coat

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6
Q

Contains leukocytes and platelets (less than 1 percent of blood)

A

Buffy coat

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7
Q

What happens when blood is separated?

A
  • Erythrocytes sink to the bottom
  • Buffy coat in between, which is a thin, whitish layer
  • Plasma rises to the top
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8
Q

Erythrocytes is 45 percent of blood, and this percentage is known as?

A

Hematocrit

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9
Q
  • Sticky, opaque fluid
  • Heavier and thicker than water
A

Blood

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10
Q

What color is oxygen-rich blood?

A

Scarlet red

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11
Q

What color is oxygen-poor blood?

A

Dull red or purple

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12
Q

________ is metallic and has a salty taste, often found in ________

A

Blood; children

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13
Q

Blood pH is slightly ________, between ____ and ____

A

Alkaline; 7.35 and 7.45

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14
Q

Blood temperature is slightly higher than body temperature because?

A

Cause of friction produced as blood flows through the vessels

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15
Q

Temperature of blood pH

A

38 degrees Celsius or 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit

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16
Q

Blood accounts for approximately ____% of body weight

A

8%

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17
Q

Blood volume in healthy adults is ___ to ____ liters, or about _____ quarts

A

5 to 6; 6

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18
Q

It is the liquid part of the blood, straw-colored fluid

A

Plasma

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19
Q

Plasma is approximately ____% water

A

90%

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20
Q

Over 100 different substances are dissolved in plasma; some examples are:

A
  • Nutrients
  • Salts (electrolytes)
  • Respiratory gases
  • Hormones
  • Plasma proteins
  • Various wastes and products of cell metabolism
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21
Q

Most abundant solutes in plasma

A

Plasma proteins

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22
Q

Except for antibodies and protein-based hormones, what makes the most plasma proteins?

A

Liver

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23
Q

Acts as a carrier to shuttle certain molecules through circulation, is an important blood buffer and contributes to osmotic pressure, helps keep water in bloodstream

A

Albumin

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24
Q

Help to stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured

A

Clotting proteins

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25
Q

Help protect the body from pathogens

A

Antibodies

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26
Q

When blood drops to undesirable levels, the ____ is stimulated to make more proteins

A

Liver

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27
Q

When the blood becomes too acidic or too basic, both the ____ system and ____ system are called into action to restore it to its normal alkaline pH range of 7.35 to 7.45

A

Urinary and Respiratory

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28
Q
  • Most abundant living cell in the blood
  • Functions to carry oxygen
  • Differs from other blood cells
A

Erythrocytes

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29
Q

What makes RBCs different from other blood cells?

A
  • Anucleate
  • Contain few organelles; lack mitochondira
  • Essentially bags of hemoglobin
  • Normal count is 5 million RBCs per cubic millimeter of blood
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30
Q

Homeostatic Imbalance of RBCs: Decrease in oxygen-carrying ability of blood

A

Anemia

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31
Q

Homeostatic Imbalance of RBCs: Disorder resulting from excessive or abnormal increase of RBCs

A

Polycythemia

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32
Q
  • Crucial in body defense against diseases
  • Complete cells, with nucleus and organelles
  • Able to move into and out of blood vessels (diapedesis)
  • Respond to chemicals released by damaged tissues
  • Move by amoeboid motion
  • 4800 to 10800 WBCs per mm³ of blood
A

Leukocytes

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33
Q

Homeostatic Imbalance of Leukocytes:
- WBC count above 11,000 cells per mm³ of blood
- Generally indicates an infection

A

Leukocytosis

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34
Q

Homeostatic Imbalance of Leukocytes:
- Abnormally low WBC count
- Commonly caused by certain drugs, such as corticosteroids and anticancer agents

A

Leukopenia

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35
Q

Homeostatic Imbalance of Leukocytes:
- Bone marrow becomes cancerous
- Numerous immature WBC are produced that tend to crowd: RBC that affects the supply of oxygen, platelets when there is damage, and normal WBC to fight infection

A

Leukemia

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36
Q

What are the types of Leukocytes?

A
  • Granulocytes
  • Agranulocytes
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37
Q
  • Cytoplasmic granules can be stained
  • Possess lobed nuclei
  • Include neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
A

Granulocytes

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38
Q
  • Lack of visible cytoplasmic granules
  • Nuclei are spherical, oval, or kidney-shaped
  • Include monocytes and lymphocytes
A

Agranulocytes

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39
Q

Name the WBCs from most to least abundant

A

Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils

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40
Q

Most numerous WBC

A

Neutrophils

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41
Q
  • Multilobed nucleus
  • Cytoplasm stains pink and contains fine granules
  • Function as phagocytes at active sites of infection
  • Numbers increase during infection
  • 3,000 to 7,000 neutrophils per mm³ of blood.
A

Neutrophils

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42
Q
  • Bilobed nucleus
  • Nucleus stains blue-red
  • Brick-red cytoplasmic granules
  • Function is to kill parasitic worms and play a role in allergy attacks
  • 100 to 400 eosinophils per mm³ of blood
A

Eosinophils

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43
Q

Rarest WBC

A

Basophils

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44
Q
  • Multilobed nucleus that contains round, prominent granules
  • Large histamine-containing granules that stain dark blue
  • Presence can be an indication of severe allergic reaction
  • Contain heparin
  • 20 to 50 basophils per mm³ of blood
A

Basophils

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45
Q
  • Strictly larger than RBCs
  • Large, dark purple nucleus
  • Reside in lymphatic tissues
  • Plays a role in immune response
A

Lymphocytes

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46
Q

Produces antibodies

A

B-cells

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47
Q

Fight foreign invaders

A

T-cells

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48
Q
  • Largest of the WBCs
  • Distinctive U or kidney-shaped nucleus
  • Function as macrophages when they migrate into tissues
  • Important in fighting chronic infection
  • 100-700 monocytes per mm³ of blood
A

Monocytes

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49
Q
  • Fragments of megakaryocytes
  • Needed for the clotting process
  • Normal platelet count is 300,000 platelets per mm³ of blood
A

Thrombocytes

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50
Q

Homeostatic Imbalance of Thrombocytes:
- Sudden decrease in the platelet count in the blood
- Caused by too much consumption of alcohol, bone marrow disease, drugs used for cancer therapy

A

Thrombocytopenia

51
Q

Homeostatic Imbalance of Thrombocytes:
- Increase in the number of platelets that an infection can cause

A

Thrombocytosis

52
Q

The increase in number of platelets is unknown

A

Thrombocytosis

53
Q
  • Occurs in red bone marrow or myeloid tissue
  • All the formed elements arise from a common stem cells, a hemocytoblast
A

Hematopoiesis

54
Q

RBCs wear out in?

A

100 to 120 days

55
Q

When worn out, what happens to RBCs?

A

Eliminated by phagocytes in the spleen or liver

56
Q

What happens to the Hb of worn out RBCs?

A

Recycled

57
Q

The formation of new RBCs depends on?

A

Division of hemocytoblast

58
Q

Formation of new RBCs depends on division of hemocytoblast, usually controlled by what hormone produced by the kidney?

A

Erythropoietin

59
Q

Formation of WBC and Platelets is controlled by?

A

Hormones

60
Q

Prompt bone marrow to generate leukocytes

A

Colony stimulating factors (CSFs) and interleukins

61
Q

Stimulates production of platelets from megakaryocytes

A

Thrombopoietin

62
Q

Process of stopping the bleeding that results from a break in a blood vessel

A

Hemostasis

63
Q

3 phases of hemostasis

A
  1. Vascular spasms
  2. Platelet plug formation
  3. Coagulation
64
Q

Immediate response to blood vessel injury is vasoconstriction, causing blood vessel spasms

A

Vascular spasms

65
Q
  • Collagen fibers are exposed; platelets adhere
  • Fibrinogen fibers cause the platelets to become sticky
  • Platelets release chemicals that attract more platelets
  • Platelet plug forms due to stickiness
A

Platelet plug formation

66
Q
  • Blood usually clots within 3 to 6 minutes
  • The clot remains as endothelium regenerates
  • The clot is broken down after tissue repair
  • Injured tissues release TS, which interacts with PF3; a phospholipid that coats the surface of platelets
  • Combination with other clotting factors and calcium ions, form an activator that leads to the formation of thrombin which joins soluble fibrinogen proteins into long, hairlike molecules of insoluble fibrinogen which forms a meshwork that traps RBCs and forms the basis of the clot
  • Within the hour, clot begins to retract, squeezing serum from mass and pulling ruptures edges of blood vessel together
A

Coagulation

67
Q

Disorders of Hemostasis (Undesirable Clotting):
- A clot in a n unbroken blood vessel (blocking passage)
- Can be deadly in areas such as the lungs

A

Thrombus

68
Q

Disorders of Hemostasis (Undesirable Clotting):
- Thrombus that breaks away and floats freely in the body
- Can later clog vessels in critical areas such as the brain

A

Embolus

69
Q

Disorders of Hemostasis (Bleeding Disorders):
- Insufficient number of circulating platelets
- Arises from any condition that suppresses the bone marrow
- Even normal movement can cause bleeding from small blood vessels that required platelets for clotting
- Evidenced by petechiae

A

Thrombocytopenia

70
Q
  • Hereditary bleeding disorder
  • Normal clotting factors are missing
  • Minor tissue damage can cause life-threatening prolonged bleeding
A

Hemophilia

71
Q

Blood contains genetically determined proteins known as?

A

Antigens

72
Q

Are the “recognizers” that bind foreign antigens

A

Antibodies

73
Q

Are substance that the body recognizes as foreign and that the immune system may attack

A

Antigens

74
Q

Blood is typed by using ________ that will cause blood with certain proteins to cump and lysed

A

antibodies

75
Q

Loses of blood: 15 to 30%

A

Causes weakness

76
Q

Loses of blood: Over 30%

A

Causes shock

77
Q

Blood types are based on the presence or absence of 2 antigens:

A
  • Type A
  • Type B
78
Q

Presence of both antigens

A

Blood type AB

79
Q

Presence of antigen A

A

Blood type A

80
Q

Presence of antigen B

A

Blood type B

81
Q

Absence of both

A

Blood type O

82
Q

What blood type is the universal donor?

A

O

83
Q
  • Originally identified in Rhesus monkeys
  • Named for the eight Rh antigens
A

Rh blood group

84
Q

Blood samples are mixed with Anti-A and Anti-B serums, ________ or ________ leads to the identification of blood type

A

Agglutination; lack of agglutination

85
Q

Testing for agglutination of donor RBCs by recipients serum

A

Cross-matching

86
Q

Expect agglutination will occur for both anti-A and anti-B serum

A

Blood type AB

87
Q

Expect agglutination upon addition of anti-B serum

A

Blood type B

88
Q

Expect agglutination upon addition of anti-A serum

A

Blood type A

89
Q

Expect no coagulation to be observed as there are no surface antigens present

A

Blood type O

90
Q

Addition of anti-B serum causes coagulation

A

Rh+

91
Q

Are early sites of blood cells formation

A

Fetal liver and spleen

92
Q

Takes over hematopoiesis by seventh month

A

Bone marrow

93
Q

Form a closed vascular system that transports blood to the tissue and back to the heart

A

Blood vessel

94
Q

Vessels that carry blood away from the heart

A

Arteries and arterioles

95
Q

Vessels that play a role in exchanges/connection between tissue and blood

A

Capillary beds

96
Q

Vessels that return blood back to the heart

A

Venules and veins

97
Q

What are the layers in blood vessels?

A
  1. Tunica intima
  2. Tunica media
  3. Tunica externa
98
Q

Forms a friction-reducing lining known as the endothelium

A

Tunica intima

99
Q

Smooth muscle and elastic tissue, controlled by sympathetic NS

A

Tunica media

100
Q
  • Forms protective outermost covering
  • Mostly fibrous connective tissue
  • upports and protects the vessel
A

Tunica externa

101
Q

Capillaries are only composed of what layer?

A

Tunica intima

102
Q

Thickest layer of the blood vessel

A

Tunica media

103
Q

Tunica media: Smooth muscle allows ________ to ensure continuous blood flow

A

Micro contraction

104
Q

Tunica media: Elastic tissue allow ________ and extend depending on the blood contraction

A

Blood vessels to expand

105
Q

Capillaries only contain 1 layer to allow?

A

Allow exchange of materials between vessels and organs

106
Q

How many layers does arteries and veins contain?

A

3 layers

107
Q
  • Have a heavier, stronger, stretcher tunica media than veins to withstand changes in pressure
  • Able to accommodate the pressure change
A

Arteries

108
Q
  • Thinner tunica media than arteries and operate under low pressure
  • Have valves to prevent backflow of blood
  • Lumen of veins is larger than of arteries
A

Veins

109
Q

________ “milks” blood in veins toward heart; aids to open valve because smooth muscle cannot

A

Skeletal muscle

110
Q
  • Only one cell layer thick; allows diffusion
  • Allow for exchanges between blood and tissue
A

Capillaries

111
Q

Blood flow through a capillary bed

A

Microcirculation

112
Q

Capillaries form networks called?

A

Capillary beds

113
Q

Capillary beds consists of?

A
  • A vascular shunt
  • True capillaries
114
Q
  • Branch off a terminal arteriole
  • Empty directly into a postcapillary venule
  • Entrances to capillary beds are guarded by precapillary sphincters
A

True capillaries

115
Q

Ensures no backflow and proper transportation

A

Precapillary sphincters

116
Q

Internal carotid arteries divide into

A
  • Anterior cerebral arteries
  • Middle/posterior cerebral arteries
117
Q

Internal carotid arteries supply most of the?

A

Cerebrum

118
Q

Join once within the skull to form basilar artery

A

Vertebral arteries

119
Q

Serves the brainstem and cerebellum

A

Vertebral arteries

120
Q

United by small communicating arterial branches

A

Anterior and posterior blood supplies

121
Q

Anterior and posterior blood supplies are united by small communicating arterial branches, resulting to a complete circle of connecting blood vessels called?

A

Cerebral arterial circle or Circle of Willis

122
Q

Formed by veins draining the digestive organs, which empty into the hepatic portal vein

A

Hepatic portal circulation

123
Q

Carries blood to the liver, where it is processed before returning to systemic circulation

A

Hepatic portal vein

Anaphy (2nd sem) (7 decks)

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