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Anaphy (2nd sem) > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Closed system of heart and blood vessels

A

Cardiovascular system

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2
Q

Functions of the cardiovascular system

A

Transport oxygen, nutrients, cell wastes, hormones to and from cells

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3
Q

Main function of Cardiovascular system

A

Transportation

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4
Q

Allows blood to circulate to all parts of the body

A

Blood vessels

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5
Q

Transport vehicle of the cardiovascular system

A

Blood

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6
Q

Only fluid connective tissue in the body

A

Blood

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7
Q

Where can the heart be found?

A

Medial of lungs, specifically in the lower mediastinum; blood vessels starts at the 2nd rib until upper level of diaphragm

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8
Q

Position of the heart

A

Only in the anterior position of the body, posterior has the spine

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9
Q

Orientation of the heart

A

Tilted to the left side with apex/left ventricle facing the left

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10
Q
  • Double-walled sac
  • Keeps heart in place
  • Made up of 3 layers
A

Pericardium

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11
Q
  • Fibrous pericardium is loose and superficial
  • Anchors heart to surrounding structure
A

Outer fibrous later

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12
Q
  • Deep to the fibrous pericardium
  • Slippery, two-layered
A

Inner serous membrane pair

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13
Q

Two layers of inner serous membrane pair

A
  1. Parietal pericardium
  2. Visceral pericardium
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14
Q
  • Lines the interior of fibrous pericardium
  • External
A

Parietal pericardium

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15
Q
  • Internal, innermost layer of the pericardium; outermost layer of the heart wall
  • Part of the heart wall
  • Also known as epicardium
A

Visceral pericardium

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16
Q

Between parietal and visceral pericardium, contains the serous fluid

A

Pericardial activity

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17
Q

Produced by the serous pericardial membranes and collects in the pericardial activity

A

Lubricating serous fluid

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18
Q

What does the lubricating serous fluid do?

A

Allows the heart to beat easily in a relatively frictionless environment

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19
Q

Outside layer; aka visceral pericardium

A

Epicardium

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20
Q
  • Middle layer
  • Mostly cardiac muscle
  • Skeleton of the heart
A

Myocardium

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21
Q
  • Inner layer
  • Creates smooth inner lining to allow smooth flow of blood within the heart
A

Endocardium

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22
Q

Inner layer of endocardium is also known as?

A

Endothelium

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23
Q

Thickest layer of the heart

A

Myocardium

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24
Q

Lines each chamber

A

Endocardium

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25
Q

Four hollow cavities of the heart

A

2 atria, 2 ventricle

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26
Q

Separates two atria longitudinally

A

Interatrial septum

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27
Q

Separates two ventricles longitudinally

A

Interventricular septum

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28
Q

Separates upper from lower portion

A

Coronary sulcus

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29
Q

Heart functions as a

A

Double pump

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30
Q

Primarily receiving chambers

A

Superior atria

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31
Q

Not important in pumping activity of the heart

A

Superior atria

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32
Q

Superior atria assist in filling the?

A

Ventricles

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33
Q

Inferior, thick-walled ventricles are the?

A

Discharging chambers or actual pumps of the heart

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34
Q

Allows blood to flow in only one direction and prevents backflow

A

Heart valves

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35
Q

Valve in between the atria and ventricle

A

Atrioventricular valve

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36
Q

Prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles contract

A

AV Valves

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36
Q

Consists of two flaps, or cusps, of endocardium

A

Left AV valve, also known as the bicuspid valve or mitral valve

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37
Q

Has three cusps

A

Right AV valve, also known as tricuspid valve

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38
Q

Anchor the cusps to the walls of the ventricle

A

Chordae tendineae

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39
Q

When do the AV valves close and open?

A

Open during heart relaxation, closed during ventricular contraction

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40
Q

When do the semilunar valves close and open?

A

Closed during heart relaxation, open during ventricular contraction

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41
Q

Between ventricle and artery

A

Semilunar valve

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42
Q

Does the blood in the heart chambers nourish the myocardium?

43
Q

It has its own nourishing circulatory system

44
Q

What does the nourishing circulatory system of the heart consist of?

A
  1. Coronary arteries
  2. Cardiac veins
  3. Coronary sinus
45
Q

Branch from the aorta to supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood

A

Coronary arteries

46
Q

Drain the myocardium of blood, collects deoxygenated blood

A

Cardiac veins

47
Q

Large vein on the posterior of the heart; receives blood from cardiac veins, drains the blood from heart walls to atrium

A

Coronary sinus

48
Q

Blood empties into the right atrium via the?

A

Coronary sinus

49
Q

Functional blood supply that oxygenates and nourishes the myocardium is provided by the?

A

Right and left coronary arteries

50
Q

Compressed when the ventricles are contracting and fill when the heart is relaxed

A

Coronary arteries and their major branches

51
Q

Cardiac veins drains myocardium then empties into the?

A

Coronary sinus

52
Q

Coronary sinus receives blood form cardiac veins and drains the blood from the heart walls to?

A

Right atrium

53
Q

Contracts spontaneously and independently of nerve impulses

A

Cardiac muscle

54
Q

How do spontaneous contractions occur?

A

In a regular and continuous way

55
Q

Atrial cells beat faster because?

A

Small chamber

56
Q

Ventricular cells beat smaller because?

A

Bigger chamber

57
Q

Two systems that act to regulate heart activity

A
  1. Autonomic nervous system
  2. Intrinsic conduction system or nodal system
58
Q

Beats per minute of atrial cells

A

60 beats per minute

Female: 60-83 beats per minute
Male: 70-90 beats per minute

59
Q

Ventricular cells beats per minute

A

Beat 20-40 times per minute

60
Q

Unifying control system

A

Intrinsic conduction system

61
Q

System that involves involuntary movement

A

Autonomic Nervous System

62
Q
  • Sets the heart rhythm
  • Composed of special nervous tissue
  • Ensures heart muscle depolarization
  • Regulate and monitor blood pressure
A

Intrinsic conduction system

63
Q

Direction of heart muscle depolarization of the Intrinsic conduction systrm

A

Atria to ventricles

64
Q

Heart rate of Intrinsic conduction system

A

Enforces a heart rate of 75 beats per minute

65
Q

Starts each heartbeat (pacemaker)

A

Sinoatrial node

66
Q

Rapid heart rate, over 100 beats per minute

A

Tachycardia

67
Q

Slow heart rate, less than 60 beats per minute

A

Bradycardia

68
Q

Prolonged tachycardia may progress to?

A

Fibrillation

69
Q

Cardiac cycle refers to _______ heartbeat

A

1 complete heartbeat

70
Q

Diastole means?

A

Relaxation

71
Q

Systole means?

A

Contraction

72
Q

Diastole and systole refers to?

A

It refers to contraction and relaxation of ventricles, unless other wise stated. This is because most pumping work is done by the ventricles.

73
Q

Average heart beats

A

Approximately 75 times per. minute

74
Q

Length of cardiac cycle

A

0.8 seconds

75
Q
  • Heart is relaxed
  • Pressure in the heart is low - AV valves are open
  • Blood is flowing passively through the atria into the ventricles
  • Semilunar valves are closed
A

Atrial diastole (ventricular filling)

76
Q
  • Ventricles remain in diastole
  • Atria contract
  • Blood is forced into the ventricles to complete ventricular filling
A

Atrial systole

77
Q
  • Atrial systole ends, ventricular systole begins
  • Initial rise in intraventricular pressure closes AV valves, prevents backflow of blood into atria
  • For a moment, ventricles are completely closed chambers
A

Isovolumetric contraction

78
Q
  • Ventricles continue to contract
  • Intraventricular pressure to surpass the pressure in the major arteries leaving the heart
  • Causes the semilunar valves to open and blood to be ejected from the ventricles
  • During this phase, the atria are again relaxed and filling with blood
A

Ventricular systole (ejection phase)

79
Q
  • Ventricular diastole begins
  • Pressure in the ventricles falls below that in the major arteries
  • Semilunar valves close to prevent backflow into the ventricles
  • For another moment, the ventricles are completely closed chambers and intraventricular pressure continues to decrease
  • Atria have been in diastole, filling with blood
  • When ventricular pressure falls below atrial pressure, the AV valves open, and the cycle repeats
A

Isovolumetric relaxation

80
Q
  • Longer, louder heart sound
  • Caused by closing of AV valves
81
Q
  • Short, sharp heart sound, snapping sound
  • Caused by the closing of semilunar valves at the end of the ventricular system
82
Q

Amount of blood pumped out by each side of the heart in 1 minute

A

Cardiac output

83
Q

Volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each heartbeat

A

Stroke volume

84
Q

Product of the heart rate and stroke volume

A

Cardiac output

85
Q

Higher stroke volume, ________ heart rate

86
Q

Lower stroke volume, ________ heart rate

87
Q

Heart rate is typically how many beats per minute?

A

75 beats per minute

88
Q

Stroke volume: The more the heart is stretched, the more ________ is being received by the chamber

89
Q

Stroke volume: The more blood the chamber has, the stronger ________ is needed

A

Pump mechanism

90
Q

About _______ is pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat

A

70 mL of blood

91
Q

Important factor influencing the stretch of heart muscle

A

Venous return

92
Q

The critical factor controlling stroke volume is how much the cardiac muscle cells are stretched by the filling of the chambers just before they contract

93
Q

Frank-starling law of the heart: The more the muscle cells are stretched, the ________ the contraction, and the ________ the stroke volume.

A

Stronger; higher

94
Q

Two things influencing preload

A
  1. Amount of venous return (blood returning to the heart)
  2. Length of time the ventricles are relaxed and filling (determined by heart rate)
95
Q

Three factors influencing stroke volume

A
  1. Preload
  2. Contractility
  3. Afterload
96
Q

Low venous return, such as might result from __________ or an __________, decreases stroke volume

A

Sever blood loss; abnormally rapid heart rate

97
Q

Anything that __________ the volume or speed of venous return also _________ stroke volume and force of contraction

A

Increases; increases

98
Q
  • Ability of cardiac muscles to generate tension
  • Influenced by factors other than stretch, including the amount of calcium ions present, sympathetic nervous stimulation, and hormones such as epinephrine and thyroxine
A

Contractility

99
Q

As contractility _________, stroke volume _________

A

Increases; increases

100
Q
  • Amount of pressure ventricles must overcome to eject blood
  • Determined by the blood pressure in the pulmonary trunk and aorta pressing back on the semilunar valves
101
Q

If afterload ________, it will be more difficult for the ventricles to pump blood, and stroke volume will ________

A

Increases; decrease

102
Q
  • Sympathetic nervous system speeds heart rate
  • Parasympathetic nervous system, primarily vagus nerve fibers, slow and steady heart rate
A

Neural (ANS) controls

103
Q
  • Epinephrine and thyroxine speed heart rate
  • Excess or lack of calcium, sodium, and potassium ions also modify heart activity
A

Hormones and ions

104
Q

Age, gender, exercise, body temperature influence heart rate

A

Physical factors

105
Q

Resting heart rate is fastest in?

A

Fetus (140-160bpm)

106
Q

Resting heart rate for male and female

A

Female: 72-80 bpm
Male: 64-72 bpm

Anaphy (2nd sem) (7 decks)

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