Cardiovascular System Flashcards
1
Q
Closed system of heart and blood vessels
A
Cardiovascular system
2
Q
Functions of the cardiovascular system
A
Transport oxygen, nutrients, cell wastes, hormones to and from cells
3
Q
Main function of Cardiovascular system
A
Transportation
4
Q
Allows blood to circulate to all parts of the body
A
Blood vessels
5
Q
Transport vehicle of the cardiovascular system
A
Blood
6
Q
Only fluid connective tissue in the body
A
Blood
7
Q
Where can the heart be found?
A
Medial of lungs, specifically in the lower mediastinum; blood vessels starts at the 2nd rib until upper level of diaphragm
8
Q
Position of the heart
A
Only in the anterior position of the body, posterior has the spine
9
Q
Orientation of the heart
A
Tilted to the left side with apex/left ventricle facing the left
10
Q
- Double-walled sac
- Keeps heart in place
- Made up of 3 layers
A
Pericardium
11
Q
- Fibrous pericardium is loose and superficial
- Anchors heart to surrounding structure
A
Outer fibrous later
12
Q
- Deep to the fibrous pericardium
- Slippery, two-layered
A
Inner serous membrane pair
13
Q
Two layers of inner serous membrane pair
A
- Parietal pericardium
- Visceral pericardium
14
Q
- Lines the interior of fibrous pericardium
- External
A
Parietal pericardium
15
Q
- Internal, innermost layer of the pericardium; outermost layer of the heart wall
- Part of the heart wall
- Also known as epicardium
A
Visceral pericardium
16
Q
Between parietal and visceral pericardium, contains the serous fluid
A
Pericardial activity
17
Q
Produced by the serous pericardial membranes and collects in the pericardial activity
A
Lubricating serous fluid
18
Q
What does the lubricating serous fluid do?
A
Allows the heart to beat easily in a relatively frictionless environment
19
Q
Outside layer; aka visceral pericardium
A
Epicardium
20
Q
- Middle layer
- Mostly cardiac muscle
- Skeleton of the heart
A
Myocardium
21
Q
- Inner layer
- Creates smooth inner lining to allow smooth flow of blood within the heart
A
Endocardium
22
Q
Inner layer of endocardium is also known as?
A
Endothelium
23
Q
Thickest layer of the heart
A
Myocardium
24
Q
Lines each chamber
A
Endocardium
25
Four hollow cavities of the heart
2 atria, 2 ventricle
26
Separates two atria longitudinally
Interatrial septum
27
Separates two ventricles longitudinally
Interventricular septum
28
Separates upper from lower portion
Coronary sulcus
29
Heart functions as a
Double pump
30
Primarily receiving chambers
Superior atria
31
Not important in pumping activity of the heart
Superior atria
32
Superior atria assist in filling the?
Ventricles
33
Inferior, thick-walled ventricles are the?
Discharging chambers or actual pumps of the heart
34
Allows blood to flow in only one direction and prevents backflow
Heart valves
35
Valve in between the atria and ventricle
Atrioventricular valve
36
Prevent backflow into the atria when the ventricles contract
AV Valves
36
Consists of two flaps, or cusps, of endocardium
Left AV valve, also known as the bicuspid valve or mitral valve
37
Has three cusps
Right AV valve, also known as tricuspid valve
38
Anchor the cusps to the walls of the ventricle
Chordae tendineae
39
When do the AV valves close and open?
Open during heart relaxation, closed during ventricular contraction
40
When do the semilunar valves close and open?
Closed during heart relaxation, open during ventricular contraction
41
Between ventricle and artery
Semilunar valve
42
Does the blood in the heart chambers nourish the myocardium?
No
43
It has its own nourishing circulatory system
Heart
44
What does the nourishing circulatory system of the heart consist of?
1. Coronary arteries
2. Cardiac veins
3. Coronary sinus
45
Branch from the aorta to supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood
Coronary arteries
46
Drain the myocardium of blood, collects deoxygenated blood
Cardiac veins
47
Large vein on the posterior of the heart; receives blood from cardiac veins, drains the blood from heart walls to atrium
Coronary sinus
48
Blood empties into the right atrium via the?
Coronary sinus
49
Functional blood supply that oxygenates and nourishes the myocardium is provided by the?
Right and left coronary arteries
50
Compressed when the ventricles are contracting and fill when the heart is relaxed
Coronary arteries and their major branches
51
Cardiac veins drains myocardium then empties into the?
Coronary sinus
52
Coronary sinus receives blood form cardiac veins and drains the blood from the heart walls to?
Right atrium
53
Contracts spontaneously and independently of nerve impulses
Cardiac muscle
54
How do spontaneous contractions occur?
In a regular and continuous way
55
Atrial cells beat faster because?
Small chamber
56
Ventricular cells beat smaller because?
Bigger chamber
57
Two systems that act to regulate heart activity
1. Autonomic nervous system
2. Intrinsic conduction system or nodal system
58
Beats per minute of atrial cells
60 beats per minute
Female: 60-83 beats per minute
Male: 70-90 beats per minute
59
Ventricular cells beats per minute
Beat 20-40 times per minute
60
Unifying control system
Intrinsic conduction system
61
System that involves involuntary movement
Autonomic Nervous System
62
- Sets the heart rhythm
- Composed of special nervous tissue
- Ensures heart muscle depolarization
- Regulate and monitor blood pressure
Intrinsic conduction system
63
Direction of heart muscle depolarization of the Intrinsic conduction systrm
Atria to ventricles
64
Heart rate of Intrinsic conduction system
Enforces a heart rate of 75 beats per minute
65
Starts each heartbeat (pacemaker)
Sinoatrial node
66
Rapid heart rate, over 100 beats per minute
Tachycardia
67
Slow heart rate, less than 60 beats per minute
Bradycardia
68
Prolonged tachycardia may progress to?
Fibrillation
69
Cardiac cycle refers to _______ heartbeat
1 complete heartbeat
70
Diastole means?
Relaxation
71
Systole means?
Contraction
72
Diastole and systole refers to?
It refers to contraction and relaxation of ventricles, unless other wise stated. This is because most pumping work is done by the ventricles.
73
Average heart beats
Approximately 75 times per. minute
74
Length of cardiac cycle
0.8 seconds
75
- Heart is relaxed
- Pressure in the heart is low - AV valves are open
- Blood is flowing passively through the atria into the ventricles
- Semilunar valves are closed
Atrial diastole (ventricular filling)
76
- Ventricles remain in diastole
- Atria contract
- Blood is forced into the ventricles to complete ventricular filling
Atrial systole
77
- Atrial systole ends, ventricular systole begins
- Initial rise in intraventricular pressure closes AV valves, prevents backflow of blood into atria
- For a moment, ventricles are completely closed chambers
Isovolumetric contraction
78
- Ventricles continue to contract
- Intraventricular pressure to surpass the pressure in the major arteries leaving the heart
- Causes the semilunar valves to open and blood to be ejected from the ventricles
- During this phase, the atria are again relaxed and filling with blood
Ventricular systole (ejection phase)
79
- Ventricular diastole begins
- Pressure in the ventricles falls below that in the major arteries
- Semilunar valves close to prevent backflow into the ventricles
- For another moment, the ventricles are completely closed chambers and intraventricular pressure continues to decrease
- Atria have been in diastole, filling with blood
- When ventricular pressure falls below atrial pressure, the AV valves open, and the cycle repeats
Isovolumetric relaxation
80
- Longer, louder heart sound
- Caused by closing of AV valves
Lub
81
- Short, sharp heart sound, snapping sound
- Caused by the closing of semilunar valves at the end of the ventricular system
Dup
82
Amount of blood pumped out by each side of the heart in 1 minute
Cardiac output
83
Volume of blood pumped out by a ventricle with each heartbeat
Stroke volume
84
Product of the heart rate and stroke volume
Cardiac output
85
Higher stroke volume, ________ heart rate
Lower
86
Lower stroke volume, ________ heart rate
Higher
87
Heart rate is typically how many beats per minute?
75 beats per minute
88
Stroke volume: The more the heart is stretched, the more ________ is being received by the chamber
Blood
89
Stroke volume: The more blood the chamber has, the stronger ________ is needed
Pump mechanism
90
About _______ is pumped out of the left ventricle with each heartbeat
70 mL of blood
91
Important factor influencing the stretch of heart muscle
Venous return
92
The critical factor controlling stroke volume is how much the cardiac muscle cells are stretched by the filling of the chambers just before they contract
Preload
93
Frank-starling law of the heart: The more the muscle cells are stretched, the ________ the contraction, and the ________ the stroke volume.
Stronger; higher
94
Two things influencing preload
1. Amount of venous return (blood returning to the heart)
2. Length of time the ventricles are relaxed and filling (determined by heart rate)
95
Three factors influencing stroke volume
1. Preload
2. Contractility
3. Afterload
96
Low venous return, such as might result from __________ or an __________, decreases stroke volume
Sever blood loss; abnormally rapid heart rate
97
Anything that __________ the volume or speed of venous return also _________ stroke volume and force of contraction
Increases; increases
98
- Ability of cardiac muscles to generate tension
- Influenced by factors other than stretch, including the amount of calcium ions present, sympathetic nervous stimulation, and hormones such as epinephrine and thyroxine
Contractility
99
As contractility _________, stroke volume _________
Increases; increases
100
- Amount of pressure ventricles must overcome to eject blood
- Determined by the blood pressure in the pulmonary trunk and aorta pressing back on the semilunar valves
Afterload
101
If afterload ________, it will be more difficult for the ventricles to pump blood, and stroke volume will ________
Increases; decrease
102
- Sympathetic nervous system speeds heart rate
- Parasympathetic nervous system, primarily vagus nerve fibers, slow and steady heart rate
Neural (ANS) controls
103
- Epinephrine and thyroxine speed heart rate
- Excess or lack of calcium, sodium, and potassium ions also modify heart activity
Hormones and ions
104
Age, gender, exercise, body temperature influence heart rate
Physical factors
105
Resting heart rate is fastest in?
Fetus (140-160bpm)
106
Resting heart rate for male and female
Female: 72-80 bpm
Male: 64-72 bpm
