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Anaphy (2nd sem) > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Taking in food

A

Ingestion

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2
Q

Ingestion is facilitated by?

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus

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3
Q

Breaking food into nutrient molecules

A

Digestion

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4
Q

Digestion is facilitated by?

A

Mouth and small intestine

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5
Q

Mechanical digestion through?

A

Chewing

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6
Q

Chemical digestion through?

A

Amylase

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7
Q

Facilitates final digestion

A

Small intestine

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8
Q

Temporary storage for food

A

Stomach

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9
Q

Movement of nutrients into the bloodstream

A

Absorption

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10
Q

Absorption is facilitated by the?

A

Small intestine and large intestine

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11
Q

Extracts nutrients and minerals from digested food in intestine

A

Small intestine

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12
Q

Absorbs leftover nutrients from the SI, watery absorption

A

Large intestine

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13
Q

Excretes to rid the body of indigestible waste; contains bacteria, viruses, and other unnecessary materials in the body

A

Defecation

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14
Q

Connects the L.I. to the anus

A

Rectum

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15
Q

Exit point of material

A

Anus

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16
Q

Two main groups of organs

A
  1. Alimentary canal (Gastrointestinal or GI tract)
  2. Accessory digestive organs
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17
Q

Continuous, coiled, hollow tube that runs through the ventral cavity from stomach to anus

A

Alimentary canal (Gastrointestinal or GI tract)

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18
Q

Group of organs that ingest, digest, absorb, defecate

A

Alimentary canal (Gastrointestinal or GI tract)

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19
Q

Include teeth, tongue, and several large digestive organs

A

Accessory digestive organs

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20
Q

Mucous membrane-lined cavity

A

Mouth (oral cavity)

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21
Q

Protect the anterior opening (regulate opening and closing of mouth)

A

Lips (Labia)

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22
Q

Form the lateral walls

A

Cheeks

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23
Q

Forms the anterior roof

A

Hard palate

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24
Q

Forms the posterior roof

A

Soft palate

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25
Q

Fleshy projection of the soft palate, prevents food from returning to the mouth after swallowing

A

Uvula

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26
Q

Space between lips externally and teeth and gums internally

A

Vestibule

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27
Q

Connects the lips and gums to the face; regulates lip movements

A

Labial frenulum

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28
Q

Area contained by the teeth

A

Oral cavity proper

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29
Q

Attached at the hyoid bone and styloid processes of the skull, and by the lingual frenulum to the floor of the mouth

A

Tongue

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30
Q

Located at the posterior end of oral cavity

A

Palatine

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31
Q

Located at the base of the tongue

A

Lingual

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32
Q

Chewing of food

A

Mastication

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33
Q

Part of the tongue that that allow for taste

A

Taste buds

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34
Q

___% of what we eat is what we smell

A

80%

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35
Q

Each taste bud has ____ taste cells and they are connected to the ________ receptors

A

40; taste

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36
Q

Initiates swallowing

A

Tongue

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37
Q
  • Serves as a passageway for food, fluids, and air
A

Pharynx

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38
Q

Food passed from the mouth posteriorly and into the?

A

Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx

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39
Q

Posterior to oral cavity

A

Oropharynx

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40
Q

Below the oropharynx and continuous with the esophagus

A

Laryngopharynx

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41
Q

2 skeletal muscle layers in the pharynx that propels food into the esophagus?

A

The longitudinal outer layer and circular inner layer

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42
Q

Circular balls of food

A

Bolus

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43
Q

Alternating contractions of muscle layer that propel food create wavelike motions called?

A

Peristalsis

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44
Q
  • About 10 inches long
  • Runs from pharynx to stomach through the diaphragm
  • Conducts food by peristalsis to the stomach
  • Passageway for food only
A

Esophagus (gullet)

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45
Q

4 layer of tissue in the alimentary canal organs

A
  1. Mucosa
  2. Submucosa
  3. Muscularis externa
  4. Serosa
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46
Q

Innermost, membrane consisting of:

  • Surface epithelium
  • Small amount of connective tissue
  • Scanty smooth muscle layer
  • Lines the cavity
A

Mucosa

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47
Q
  • Just beneath the mucosa
  • Soft connective tissue with blood vessels, nerve endings, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue, and lymphatic vessels
A

Submucosa

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48
Q
  • Smooth muscle
  • Stomach has middle oblique layer
  • Inner circular and outer longitudinal layers for persitalsis motion
A

Muscularis externa

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49
Q

Outermost layer of the wall; contains fluid-producing cells

A

Serosa

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50
Q

Innermost layer that is continuous with the outermost layer

A

Visceral peritoneum

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51
Q

Mesenteries

A

Anchor organs in place, keeps S.I. contact

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52
Q

Outermost layer

A

Parietal peritoneum

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53
Q
  • Group of nerves that control the alimentary canal structures
  • Regulate mobility and secretory activity of the GI Tract organs
A

Alimentary canal nerve plexuses

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54
Q

Alimentary canal wall contains 2 intrinsic nerve plexuses that are part of autonomic N.S. called?

A
  1. Submucosal nerve plexus
  2. Myenteric nerve plexus
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55
Q
  • C-shaped organ located on the left side of the abdominal cavity
  • Can stretch and hold up to 4L of food when full
A

Stomach

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56
Q

Food enters at the _____________ from the esophagus to stomach

A

Cardioesophageal sphincter

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57
Q

Food empties at the _____________ (regulates propulsion) into the S.I.

A

Pyloric sphincter

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58
Q

Near the heart and surrounds the cardioesophageal sphincter; where the heart burn happens

A

Cardial (cardia)

59
Q

Expanded portion lateral to the cardiac region

A

Fundus

60
Q
  • Midportion
  • Greater curvature
  • Lesser curvature
A

Body

61
Q

Convex lateral surface; where great omentum is connected that attaches the stomach to transverse colon

A

Greater curvature

62
Q

Convex medial surface; where lesser omentum is connected that attaches the stomach to liver

A

Lesser curvature

63
Q

Funnel-shaped terminal end, where pyloric sphincter is found

A

Pylorus

64
Q

Internal folds of the mucosa present when the stomach is empty

A

Rugae

65
Q

Double layer of peritoneum; extends from the liver to the lesser curvature of stomach

A

Lesser omentum

66
Q
  • Another extension of peritoneum
  • Covers the abdominal organs
  • Fat insulates, cushions, and protects the abdominal organs
A

Greater omentum

67
Q

Mucosa cells of the stomach produce __________ mucus

A

Bicarbonate-rich alkaline mucus

68
Q

Hormone in the stomach needed for vitamin B12 absorption in S.I.

A

Intrinsic factors

69
Q

Produce protein-digesting enzymes (pepsinogens)

A

Chief cells

70
Q

Activated by histamine, produce HCl that activates enzymes (pepsinogen to pepsin)

A

Parietal cells

71
Q

Produce thin acidic mucus

A

Mucous neck cells

72
Q

Produce local hormones such as gastrin

A

Enteroendocrine cells

73
Q

Most digestive activity occurs where?

A

Pyloric region

74
Q

Food enters the S.I. through the pyloric sphincter as ________ which is like thick heavy cream

A

Chyme

75
Q
  • Body’s major digestive organ
  • Longest portion of the alimentary tube
  • Site of nutrient absorption of blood
  • Muscular tube extending from the pyloric sphincter to the ileocecal valve
  • Suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by the mesentery
A

Small intestine

76
Q

Subdivision of the S.I.

A
  1. Duodenum
  2. Jejunum
  3. Ileum
77
Q

First part, receives materials from stomach, liver, pancreas, gallbladder

A

Duodenum

78
Q

Middle part, further digestion and absorption happen

A

Jejunum

79
Q

Last part, joins the L.I. at the ileocecal valve

A

Ileum

80
Q

Where does the chemical digestion begin? (except for mouth)

A

Small intestine

81
Q

____ is formed by the liver and enters the duodenum via the _______

A

Bile; bile duct

82
Q

Temporary storage site of bile

A

Gallbladder

83
Q

Where the main pancreatic duct and bile ducts join

A

Hepatopancreatic ampulla

84
Q

Hepatopancreatic ampulla is connected to the _________ which releases into duodenum

A

Duodenal papilla

85
Q
  • Fingerlike projection formed by the mucus
  • House a capillary bed and lacteal
  • Lots of villi in the first part of S.I.
A

Villi

86
Q

Tiny projections of plasma membrane

A

Microvilli

87
Q

For final digestion (under microvilli)

A

Brush border enzymes

88
Q

Deeps fold of mucosa and submucosa, when food fills, form an internal “corkscrew slide” to increase surface area and force chyme to travel slowly through the S.I.

A

Circular folds (plicae circulares)

89
Q
  • Collection of lymphatic tissues
  • Located in the submucosa
  • Increase in the number at the end of the S.I.
A

Peyer’s patches

90
Q
  • Large in diameter, shorter in length
  • Extends from ileocecal valve to anus
A

Large intestine

91
Q

Subdivisions of large intestine

A
  1. Cecum
  2. Appendix
  3. Colon
  4. Rectum
  5. Anal canal
92
Q

Saclike first part of L.I.

A

Cecum

93
Q

Dangling piece of tissue that hangs from the cecum

A

Appendix

94
Q

Accumulation of lymphoid tissue, sometimes becomes inflamed

A

Appendicitis

95
Q

Travels up right side of abdomen and makes a turn at the right colic flexure

A

Ascending colon

96
Q

Travels across the abdominal cavity and turns at the left colic flexure

A

Transverse colon

97
Q

Travels down left side of the body

A

Descending colon

98
Q

S-shaped region; enters the pelvis

A

Sigmoid colon

99
Q

Where feces accumulate

A

Rectum

100
Q

Where feces exits, ends at the anus

A

Anal canal

101
Q

Opening of the L.I.

A

Anus

102
Q

Formed by skeletal muscle, voluntary

A

External anal sphincter

103
Q

Formed by smooth muscle, involuntary

A

Internal anal sphincter

104
Q

Sphincters are normally closed except during?

A

Defecation

105
Q

________ produce ________ to lubricate the passage of feces

A

Goblet cells; alkaline mucus

106
Q

Muscularis externa layer reduced to 3 bands of muscle called?

A

Teniae coli

107
Q

2 sets of teeth of humans

A
  1. Deciduous (baby/milk) teeth
  2. Permanent teeth
108
Q

A baby has a full set of teeth by?

A

Age 2

109
Q

First teeth to appear in babies are the?

A

Lower central incisors

110
Q

Permanent teeth replace deciduous teeth between what ages?

A

6 and 12

111
Q

How many teeth for a full set of permanent teeth?

A

32

112
Q

Teeth are classified into?

A
  1. Incisors - cutting
  2. Canines - tearing or piercing
  3. Premolar - grinding
  4. Molars - grinding
113
Q

Exposed part of tooth above the gingiva

A

Crown

114
Q

Covers the crown, directly bears the force of chewing, hardest substance in the body, and is fairly brittle as heavily mineralized with calcium shots

A

Enamel

115
Q

Found deep to enamel, forms bulk of tooth, surround pulp cavity

A

Dentin

116
Q

Contains connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerve fibers

A

Pulp cavity

117
Q

Where the pulp cavity extend into the root

A

Root canal

118
Q

Covers outer surface of root, attaches tooth to periodontal memberane

A

Cement

119
Q

Holds tooth in place in the bone jaw

A

Periodontal membrane

120
Q

Connector between crown and root, region in contact with the gum

A

Neck

121
Q

3 pairs of salivary glands

A
  1. Parotid glands
  2. Submandibular glands
  3. Sublingual glands
122
Q

Found anterior to the ears, infections affect these glands

A

Parotid glands

123
Q

Inflammation of parotid glands

A

Mumps

124
Q

Empty saliva into the floor of mouth through small ducts

A

Submandibular glands

125
Q

Empty saliva into the floor through small ducts

A

Sublingual glands

126
Q

Mixture of mucous and serous fluids, helps to moisten and bind food together into bolus, dissolved food chemicals so they can be tasted

A

Saliva

127
Q

Saliva contains:

A
  • Salivary amylase
  • Lysozymes and antibodies
128
Q

Begins starch digestion

A

Salivary amylase

129
Q

Inhibit bacteria

A

Lysozymes and antibodies

130
Q
  • Soft, pink triangular glad
  • Found posterior to the parietal peritoneum
  • Extends across the abdomen from spleen to duodenum
  • Produces a wide spectrum of digestive system that break down food
  • Secretes enzymes into the duodenum
A

Pancreas

131
Q

Hormones produced by pancreas

A

Insulin and glucagon

132
Q
  • Largest gland in the body
  • Located on the right side of the body under the diaphragm
  • Consists of four lobes suspended from the diaphragm and abdominal wall by falciform ligament
A

Liver

133
Q

Digestive role of liver

A

Produce bile

134
Q

Bile leaves the liver through the ________ and enters the _______ through ________

A

Common hepatic duct; duodenum; bile duct

135
Q

Yellow-green, watery solution that breaks down fat

A

Bile

136
Q

Green sac found in a shallow fossa in the inferior surface of the liver

A

Gallbladder

137
Q

Placing of food into the mouth

A

Ingestion

138
Q

Movement of foods from one region of the digestive system to another

A

Propulsion

139
Q

Alternating waves of contraction and relaxation that squeeze food along GI tract

A

Peristalsis

140
Q

Movement of materials back and forth to foster mixing in S.I.

A

Segmentation

141
Q

Food breakdown: Physically fragments food into smaller particles

A

Mechanical breakdown

142
Q

Food breakdown: Enzymes chemically break down large molecules into their building blocks

A

Digestion

143
Q

End products of digestion are absorbed in the blood or lymph

A

Absorption

144
Q

Elimination of indigestible substances from the GI tract in the form of feces

A

Defecation

Anaphy (2nd sem) (7 decks)

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