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A+P 2 Unit 2 > Lymphatic System > Flashcards

Lymphatic System Flashcards

Student Lecture Notes

1
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

Network of vessels that penetrate nearly every tissue of the body and a collection of tissues and organs that produce immune cells

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2
Q

What are the three functions of the lymphatic system?

A

Fluid recovery, Immunity, Lipid absorption

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3
Q

How does the lymphatic system recover fluid?

A

Absorbs plasma proteins and excess fluids that come from the blood capillaries and puts it back into the blood stream

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4
Q

What happens when the lymphatic system does not recover fluid?

A

The circulatory system does not have enough blood and it can lead to edema

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5
Q

What is elephantiasis?

A

mosquito-borne roundworms infect lymph nodes blocking the flow of lymph, causing edema

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6
Q

How does the lymphatic system provide immunity?

A

fluids from all capillary beds are filtered through lymph nodes, which is where immune cells wait

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7
Q

How does the lymphatic system absorb lipids?

A

The small intestine has lymphatic vessels called lacteals that absorb lipids

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8
Q

What is the most common type of lipid absorbed by the lymphatic system?

A

long chain lipids that do not fit in the blood capillaries

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9
Q

What is lymph?

A

clear, colorless fluid, similar to plasma but contains less proteins

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10
Q

What are lymphatic capillaries?

A

closed at one end and tethered to surrounding tissue by protein filaments

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11
Q

What do lymphatic capillaries do?

A

allow lymph fluid, small proteins, and bacteria entrance into lymphatic capillary

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12
Q

Where are there not lymphatic capillaries?

A

bones, teeth, bone marrow, nervous system

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13
Q

What happens when interstitial pressure is high?

A

Valve like flaps on lymphatic capillaries open (they close when pressure is low)

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of lymphatic vessels?

A

low pressure, larger ones are composed of three layers

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15
Q

What are the three layers of lymphatic vessels?

A

tunica interna (endothelium valves), tunica media (elastic fibers, smooth muscle), tunica externa (thin external layer)

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16
Q

Route of Lymph Flow

A

lymphatic capillaries –> collecting vessels –> lymphatic trunks –> collecting ducts

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17
Q

What do collecting vessels do?

A

course through many lymph nodes

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18
Q

What do lymphatic trunks do?

A

drain to major portions of body

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19
Q

What do collecting ducts do?

A

right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

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20
Q

Where does the route of lymph flow end?

A

The clavicles

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21
Q

Where does the right lymphatic duct drain?

A

drains lymph from the right arm, right side of head and thorax; empties into the right subclavian vein

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22
Q

Where does the thoracic duct drain?

A

left subclavian vein and receives lymph from the diaphragm, head, neck and thorax

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23
Q

What is the difference between the right lymphatic duct and the thoracic duct?

A

The thoracic duct is larger and longer and begins as a sac in the abdomen called cisterna chyli

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24
Q

Where does all lower extremity lymph get dumped?

A

The left subclavian

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25
Q

What are the mechanisms of flow for lymph transport?

A

skeletal muscle pump, pressure changes in thorax during breathing, artery pulsations, and rhythmic vessel smooth muscle contraction

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26
Q

What do artery pulsations do?

A

Helps increase lymphatic vessel pressure

27
Q

What are lymphocytes also called?

A

T and B cells

28
Q

What are lymphocytes?

A

Main WBC warriors of immune system, arise in red bone marrow, protect the body against antigens

29
Q

What are T-cells?

A

mature in thymus (t=thymus dependent) and once activated they manage the immune response, attack/destroy infected cells

30
Q

What are B cells?

A

cells that produce plasma cells that secrete antibodies in blood or other fluids which mark antigens for destruction

31
Q

What do macrophages do?

A

phagocytize foreign substances and activates T-cells

32
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A

capture antigens bringing them back to lymph nodes

33
Q

What do dendritic cells look like?

A

spiny

34
Q

What do reticular cells do?

A

produce spider web-like fibers called stroma; network that supports other cell types in lymphoid organs and tissues

35
Q

How many lymph nodes are in the body?

A

hundreds

36
Q

Which lymph nodes are close to the surface?

A

cervical, inguinal, axillary

37
Q

Which lymph nodes are deep in cavities?

A

thoracic, pelvic, abdominal region

38
Q

What is the structure of lymph nodes?

A

most are bean shaped and less than an inch

39
Q

What surrounds nodes?

A

Dense fibrous capsules from which CT strands called trabeculae extend inward dividing the node into compartments

40
Q

What is lymph node flow?

A

receives lymph through afferent lymphatic vessels that lead into the cortex and medulla sinuses, while lymph leaves node through 1 to 3 efferent lymphatic vessels

41
Q

Function of lymph nodes

A

only organ that filters lymph

42
Q

What happens with in the filtration of the lymph nodes?

A

macrophages remove/eat microbes

43
Q

How is the immune system activated?

A

lymphocytes attack foreign antigens and fight things

44
Q

What is lymphadenitis?

A

swollen, painful node that is responding to a foreign invader (antigen)

45
Q

What happens with cancer of the lymph nodes?

A

cancer cells can break loose, enter lymphatic capillaries, and lodge in the nodes

46
Q

What do tonsils do?

A

Guard entrance to pharynx against ingested pathogens

47
Q

What are tonsillar crypts?

A

the epithelium of the tonsils that has deep pits lined with lymphatic nodules

48
Q

What happens when pathogens enter the tonsillar crypts?

A

They encounter lymphocytes

49
Q

Where are the lingual tonsils located?

A

both sides of the tongue

50
Q

Where are the tubal tonsils located?

A

surround the openings of the auditory tubes into the pharynx

51
Q

Where is the pharyngeal tonsil located?

A

on the wall of pharynx just behind the nasal cavity

52
Q

Where are the palatine tonsils located?

A

largest and most often infected of the tonsils in the posterior margin of the oral cavity

53
Q

What is the function of the thymus?

A

houses developing T lymphocytes and secrete hormones that regulate their later activity

54
Q

What do T lymphocytes do?

A

during development, are protected from foreign antigens by the blood-thymus barrier until they are mature and enter the blood or lymphatic vessels

55
Q

What is the size of the thymus?

A

Large in fetuses and shrinks in adult

56
Q

What is the body’s largest lymphatic organ?

A

Spleen (size of the fist)

57
Q

What is red pulp?

A

consists of sinuses gorged with RBC’s

58
Q

What is white pulp?

A

consists of lymphocytes and macrophages suspended on reticular fibers along the small branches of the splenic artery

59
Q

What is MALT?

A

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

60
Q

What does MALT do?

A

set of distributed lymphoid tissues strategically located in mucous membranes throughout the body

61
Q

Where are the largest collections of MALT found?

A

Peyer’s patch and appendix

62
Q

What is Peyer’s patch?

A

large clusters of lymphoid follicles, similar to tonsils, found in the wall of distal portion of the small intestine

63
Q

What is the appendix?

A

Tubular offshoot of the first part of the large intestine that contains a high concentration of lymphoid follicles

64
Q

Where are smaller collections of MALT found?

A

In the mucosa of the respiratory and genitourinary organs and digestive tract

A+P 2 Unit 2 (7 decks)

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