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A+P 2 Unit 2 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

Pass the exam!!!

1
Q

What are the four tunics of the alimentary canal?

A

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, visceral peritoneum

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2
Q

What is the structure and function of the mucosa?

A

the innermost layer that secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, hormones, and absorbs DIGESTED nutrients into the blood

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3
Q

What is the structure and function of the submucosa?

A

external to the mucosa and has elastic fibers, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, glands, and nerves

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4
Q

What is the structure and function of the muscularis externa?

A

helps push the food along in the digestive tract

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5
Q

What is the structure and function of the serosa?

A

the outermost layer (protective visceral peritoneum)

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6
Q

Where is the upper esophageal sphincter?

A

top of the laryngopharynx

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7
Q

What are rugae?

A

squiggly lines that flatten in the stomach when it gets full

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8
Q

What is the pyloric region made of?

A

thick muscle tissue

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9
Q

What is the fundus made of?

A

thin muscle tissue

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10
Q

What does the mesentery do?

A

provides nutrients for organs (think of a heated weighted blanket with wires that provides everything for the organs)

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11
Q

What do the gastric glands do and where are they located?

A

located in the middle of the stomach and produce gastric juice, mucus, enzymes, and hormones

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12
Q

What do parietal cells do and where do they located?

A

on the walls of the gastric glands and secrete HCl

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13
Q

What do the chief cells do and where are they located?

A

on the bottom of the gastric glands and secrete pepsinogen, which is converted to pepsin by HCl.

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14
Q

What do enteroendocrine cells do?

A

releases histamine, serotonin, gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin (CCK)

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15
Q

What does CCK do?

A

inhibits the sensory activity, stimulates contraction of the gallbladder, stimulates release of pancreatic juice

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16
Q

What do the duodenal glands do?

A

releases bicarb and neutralizes stomach acid

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17
Q

What do intestinal glands do?

A

secretes intestinal juice and are located between the bases of the villi

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18
Q

What is the ileocecal valve?

A

where the ileum and cecum come together

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19
Q

Where are the parotid glands and what do they do?

A

located just in front of the ear and extend down and secrete saliva

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20
Q

What do hepatocytes do?

A

secrete bile, process nutrients, clear toxins

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21
Q

What are hepatic sinusoids and what do they do?

A

the pockets that things move through between hepatocytes and they moves everything nutrient rich before getting it to the central vein

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22
Q

What is the hepatic portal triad?

A

3 structures that are at each of the 6 corners of the liver lobule that includes the hepatic portal arteriole, the hepatic portal vein, and the bile duct

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23
Q

What does the hepatic portal arteriole do?

A

supplies O2 rich blood to the liver

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24
Q

What does the hepatic portal vein do?

A

supplies nutrient rich blood from GI to the liver

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25
Q

What does the bile duct do?

A

transports bile from liver to the duodenum

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26
Q

What are bile canaliculi and what do they do?

A

canals that secrete bile and sends it from the center to the corners of they do?

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27
Q

What do pancreatic acini do?

A

secrete enzyme-rich component of pancreatic juice

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28
Q

What does the visceral peritoneum do?

A

covers the external surfaces of most digestive organs

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29
Q

What does the parietal peritoneum do?

A

lines the body wall

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30
Q

What are haustral contractions?

A

slow segmenting movements

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31
Q

What are mass movements?

A

long, slow-moving, powerful contractile waves over large areas of colon that happen 3-4 times during or after digestion

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32
Q

What is elmulsification?

A

The process of breaking down fats in the liver

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33
Q

Where are vitamins absorbed?

A

in the SI

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34
Q

Where are minerals absorbed?

A

along the entire length of the SI

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35
Q

What are bile salts?

A

steroids made of cholesterol that help with fat digestion and

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36
Q

What is enterohepatic circulation?

A

process of conserving bile salts by having them reabsorbed in the ilium, returned to the liver through the hepatic portal vein, and put back into bile

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37
Q

What does the cephalic phase do?

A

anticipates food and is controlled by vagus nerve excitation

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38
Q

What does the gastric phase do?

A

activates stretch receptors and chemoreceptors after food has entered the stomach

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39
Q

What does the intestinal phase do?

A

inhibits gastric activity to make sure food doesn’t get into the duodenum too fast

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40
Q

What are the villus?

A

contains columnar (absorptive) & mucus-secreting goblet epithelial cels

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41
Q

What is the villus core?

A

contains an arteriole, a capillary network, a venule, a lymphatic capillary (called a lacteal)

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42
Q

What are the six main classes of nutrients?

A

carbs, proteins, lipids, minerals, water soluble vitamins, fat soluble vitamins,

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43
Q

Which vitamins are water soluble?

A

B-complez and C

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44
Q

What do vitamins do?

A

they act as coenzymes, which enable us to utilize macronutrients for fuel

45
Q

What do minerals do?

A

help us regulate numerous body functions

46
Q

What is nitrogen balance?

A

Protein intake = protein breakdown (nitrogen is a component of protein)

47
Q

What is catabolism?

A

Breakdown of molecules

48
Q

What is anabolism?

A

The synthesis of molecules

49
Q

What is oxidation?

A

The loss of electrons

50
Q

What is reduction?

A

The gain of electrons

51
Q

What do the coenzymes NAD+ and FAD do?

A

They collect H+ ions during respiration so that the process can continue without the products becoming acidic

52
Q

What does coenzyme A do?

A

helps create acetyl CoA, which is needed for the Kreb’s cycle

53
Q

What are the products of the Krebs cycle going once (if it goes with both acetyl CoA molecules, double these values)?

A

3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP, CO2

54
Q

What are cytochromes?

A

the things in the ETC that pass the electrons down, releasing energy at specific locations

55
Q

What is glycogenesis and what enzyme does it use?

A

synthesis of glycogen when ATP is not needed - glycogen synthase

56
Q

What is glycogenolysis and what enzyme does it use?

A

the breakdown of glycogen releasing glucose when ATP is needed - glycogen phosphorylase

57
Q

What is gluconeogenesis and why can it occur?

A

synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrates during prolonged fasting - it can occur because all macronutrients are made with the same elements

58
Q

What is the process of protein metabolism?

A

Deamination, which removes NH2 to make the AA a keto acid, the keto acid is converted to pyruvic acid and the rest of the cycle can occur

59
Q

What happens to the NH2?

A

It becomes ammonia, which is very toxic, so the liver adds CO2 to make urea and excrete it through urine

60
Q

How are lipids transported?

A

in the blood as lipoproteins (cholesterol, triglyceride core with a protein and a phospholipid coating)

61
Q

What are chylomicrons (dietary lipids)?

A

a type of lipid that is formed in the cells of the SI, enters the lymphatic system then the blood and drops of FA and TG cells and skeletal muscle for storage

62
Q

What is bad cholesterol?

A

Low density or LDL

63
Q

What is good cholesterol?

A

HDL or high density and it helps eliminate fat molecules

64
Q

What are the total plasma cholesterol recommendations?

A

<200 = desirable
200-239 = borderline high
>239 = considerably high

65
Q

What is lipogenesis?

A

Triglyceride synthesis and sugar which happens when ATP and glucose levels are high

66
Q

What is lipolysis?

A

the breaking down of fat for fuel

67
Q

What stimulates lipolysis?

A

Epi, Noreip, thyroid, growth hormone

68
Q

What is betaoxidation?

A

The breaking down of fatty acids by removing to C atoms to create acetyl CoA

69
Q

What regulates the postabsorptive state?

A

the sympathetic nervous system and glucagon

70
Q

What do hepatocytes do when blood sugar needs to be raised?

A

increase glycogenolysis and glucagongenesis

71
Q

What does adipose tissue do in metabolism?

A

activates lipolysis

72
Q

What part of the brain controls appetite?

A

the hypothalamus

73
Q

What affects BMR?

A

age, gender, body temperature, stress, thyroxine (chemical from thyroid gland)

74
Q

What are the functions of the kidneys?

A

filter blood plasma, eliminate waste, and regulate volume and composition of body fluids

75
Q

What does the renal fascia do for the kidney and what is it made of?

A

binds the kidney to the abdominal wall - dense fibrous connective tissue

76
Q

What does the fat capsule in the kidney do?

A

protects the kidney and holds it in place

77
Q

What does the fibrous capsule do?

A

encloses the kidney and protects it from infection and trauma

78
Q

What are the renal columns that are in the renal cortex?

A

extensions of cortex that divide the medulla into 6-10 renal pyramids

79
Q

What part of the renal pyramids point internally?

A

the apex or the papilla

80
Q

What is the hilum of the kidney?

A

The slit on the inside of the kidney where nerves, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and ureter enter

81
Q

Where does filtration happen?

A

In the cortex

82
Q

What is the flow of blood in the kidney, starting with the renal artery?

A

renal artery, segmental arteries, interlobar arteries, arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries, afferent arteries

83
Q

What is the flow of blood from the efferent arteriole (out of the kidney)?

A

drains the glomerulus, peritubular capillaries, cortical radiate veins, arcuate veins, interlobar veins, renal veins, inferior vena cava

84
Q

What is the renal corpuscle?

A

has a glomerulus and is where blood plasma is filtered

85
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

a group of blood capillaries

86
Q

What does the glomerular capsule do?

A

collect fluid and bring it to the nephron

87
Q

What is the renal tubule and what does it contain?

A

duct leading away from glomerular capsule that processes the filtrate into urine - contains proximal convoluted tubule, nephron loop, and distal convoluted tubule

88
Q

What is the PCT?

A

high coiled region of the renal cortex that has a dense microvilli brush border which allows for high absorption and secretion

89
Q

What is the nephron loop?

A

long U-shaped loop that passes from the cortex into the medulla and back again

90
Q

What is the DCT?

A

coiled end of the nephron that lacks microvilli

91
Q

Does the nephron include the collecting duct?

A

no, but the DCTs flow into it

92
Q

What is the difference between cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons?

A

85% are cortical which means the entire nephron is in the cortex except for a small part of the NL, while juxtamedullary is closer to the cortex-medulla junction and has a long NL that dips into the medulla

93
Q

What are peritubular capillaries?

A

they arise from efferent arterioles supplying a cortical nephron, cling to the renal tubules and empty into nearby vessels

94
Q

What are the vasa recta?

A

they arise from the efferent arteriole and supply the juxtamedullary nephrons

95
Q

What are the three types of cells in the JGC?

A

macula densa, granular, and extraglomerular mesangial

96
Q

What do macula densa cells do?

A

monitor NaCl content of filtrate with chemoreceptors

97
Q

What do the granular cells do?

A

monitor blood pressure and release the enzyme renin

98
Q

What does the extraglomerular mesangial do?

A

pass signals between the macula densa and the granular

99
Q

What are the three layers of the filtration membrane?

A

fenestrated wall of capillary, basement membrane, foot processes of podocytes of glomerular capsule

100
Q

What is the net filtration pressure?

A

10 mmHg

101
Q

What causes filtration pressure?

A

the blood hydrostatic pressure in the capillaries is greater than the pressure in the capsule

102
Q

What is the glomerular filtration rate (value and definition)?

A

amount of filtrate formed per minute by the 2 kidneys combined (180 L/day or 120-125 mL/min)

103
Q

What is renal autoregulation?

A

part of intrinsic control and is the ability of the nephrons to control their own blood flow without external control

104
Q

What are the extrinsic controls of filtration?

A

Sympathetic control (when sympathetic nerve fibers constrict afferent arterioles when ECF is low)
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone Mechanism (when BP drops, renin is released, which removes angiotensin from angiotensinogen, then gets converted to angiotensin II, which releases aldosterone, therefore increasing Na+ and H2O absorption and increase in BP)

105
Q

Which part of the NL absorbs ions and lacks aquaporins?

A

ascending limb

106
Q

What solutes are supposed to be present in urine?

A

urea, uric acid, creatinine, Na+, Cl-, K+)

107
Q

Where is the majority of the water in the body?

A

Intracellular fluid (35 L or 40% body weight)

108
Q

What is the normal pH range of blood?

A

7.35-7.45

109
Q
A

A+P 2 Unit 2 (7 decks)

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