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ANAPHY 12 > LYMPHATIC SYSTEM > Flashcards

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

This type of cells is where many which are leukocytes and their close relatives.

A

Specialized immune cells

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2
Q

Bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus are part of?

A

Lymphoid organs and tissues

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3
Q

Lymphoid organs and tissues are sites where ______ are produced, reside, and come in contact with pathogens.

A

Lymphocytes

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4
Q

Where does the leukocytes originate?

A

Bone marrow

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5
Q

A cell that has multi-lobed nucleus, pale-staining granules, and phagocytize pathogens.

A

Neutrophil

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6
Q

A cell that has round nucleus, no granules, include B and T cells.

A

Lymphocytes

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7
Q

Large cells, U-shaped nucleus, no granules, become macrophages in tissues.

A

Monocyte

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8
Q

A cell that has bi-loved nucleus, red-staining granules, fight parasites and contribute to allergies.

A

Eosinophil

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9
Q

A cell that has blue-staining granules, least common of the leukocytes, and release histamine and other inflammatory chemicals.

A

Basophil

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10
Q

_____ engulf and destroy pathogens, dead cells and debris.

A

Phagocytes

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11
Q

The professional phagocytes

A

Neutrophils and Macrophages

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12
Q

These do the process and present antigen to T cells.

A

Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

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13
Q

This type of cell capture antigens in the periphery, migrate to lymph nodes, and present these antigens to T cells.

A

Dendritic cells

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14
Q

What are the APCs?

A

Dendritic cells, Macrophages, and B cells

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15
Q

Where are APCs commonly found?

A

Lymphoid organ and tissues

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16
Q

These cells are of adaptive community.

A

Effector cells

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17
Q

Effector cells includes?

A

B cell and T cell

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18
Q

Other cells, mostly leukocytes and some non-leukocytes such as _______, perform versions other functions in host defenses.

A

Mast cells

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19
Q

This type of immunity involves lymph and can produce antigen-specific antibodies.

A

Humoral

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20
Q

This type of immunity involves cells and cannot produce antigen-specific antibodies.

A

Cell mediated

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21
Q

Where leukocytes are normally found?

A

Blood

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22
Q

Where are non-leukocytes normally found?

A

Tissue

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23
Q

Lymphocytes are a key component of what type of immunity?

A

Adaptive

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24
Q

B cells matures where?

A

Bone marrow

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25
Q

T cells matures where?

A

Thymus

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26
Q

Bone marrow and thymus are considered what type of lymphoid organs?

A

Primary

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27
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs?

A

Lymph nodes, spleen, Peyer’s patches, Tonsils, and appendix

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28
Q

Where do lymphocytes contact pathogens and are activated?

A

Secondary lymphoid organs

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29
Q

A one way system of vessels.

A

Lymphatic vessels

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30
Q

The fluid in this vessels are called?

A

Lymph

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31
Q

Lymphatic system consists of?

A

Lymphatic vessels
Lymph
Lymph nodes

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32
Q

These are responsible for collections of excess interstitial fluid that leaves capillaries and accumulated in the tissues.

A

Lymphatic capillaries

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33
Q

Interstitial fluid is 1.)_________ by lymphatic capillaries into larger 2.)________, filtered through 3.)_________ to remove antigens, and eventually returned to the 4.) ________.

A

1.) drained
2.) lymph vessels
3) lymph nodes
4.) circulatory system

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34
Q

This condition is when lymphatic vessels do not function properly resulting to fluid builds up in tissues, so antigen are not efficiently delivered to the lymph nodes.

A

Lymphedema

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35
Q

In lymphedema, affected tissues are at increased risk of?

A

Uncontrolled infection

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36
Q

Flow do Lymph I.

The lymph capillaries weave through the 1.)__________ of loose connective tissue. They are blind sacs (2.)_______) formed by overlapping 3.) __________ . The overlapping endothelial cells are supported by 4.)_________ that anchor the cells to the surrounding matrix.

A

1.) blood capillary beds
2.) closed tubes
3.) endothelial cells
4.) collagen filaments

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37
Q

Flow of Lymph II

As fluid builds up in the tissue, the overlapping flaps of the endothelial cells 1.)________ and the fluid enters the capillary. These overlapping endothelial cells act as 2.) ___________.

A

1.) opens
2.) one-way valves

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38
Q

What can also enter the lymphatics from the tissues and be transported to nearby lymph nodes?

A

Plasma proteins, pathogens, antigens, and dendritic cells

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39
Q

Lymph capillaries lead into 1.)______ which contain one-way valves. 2.)______ between segments of larger lymph vessels are the lymph nodes. Lymph filters through the nodes and is cleansed of 3.)________ and 4.)________ by phagocytes.

A

1.) larger lymph vessels
2.) Interspersed
3.) antigens
4.) pathogens

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40
Q

Lymph is 1.)_______ into successively larger lymphatic vessels until it finally drains into the 2.)_________ at the large neck veins.

A

1.) funneled
2.) circulatory system

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41
Q

True or False. The lymphatic vessels return excess tissue fluid and any leaked antigens to the blood.

A

False. Leaked proteins.

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42
Q

True or False. Lymphatic vessels transport pathogens, antigens, and dendritic cells from the tissues to the lymph nodes.

A

True.

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43
Q

True or False. The lymphatic vessels transport absorbed protein to the blood via special lymphatic capillaries in the intestine, called lacteals.

A

False. Absorbed fat.

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44
Q

True or False. Lymphatic vessels together with the lymph and the lymph nodes form the lymphatic system, not important for body defenses.

A

False. Important.

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45
Q

These are small oval or bean-shaped secondary lymphoid organs arrayed along lymphatic vessels.

A

Lymph nodes

46
Q

Clusters of lymph nodes are found where?

A

Several lymphatic vessels converge
- e.g. cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions

47
Q

How do lymph nodes filter the lymph?

A

By removing antigen and other debris.

48
Q

Lymph nodes provide sites for the activities of what cells? And by what?

A

B and T cells, by antigens.

49
Q

What is called to the vessels that carry lymph into lymph node?

A

Afferent lymphatic vessels

50
Q

The afferent lymphatic vessels carry 1.)________ lymph from the tissues into the node. Several afferent lymphatic vessels feed into a 2.)______ node on its 3.)_____ side.

A

1.) antigen-containing
2) single
3.) convex

51
Q

What I called to the vessels that carry lymph away from a lymph node?

A

Efferent lymphatic vessels

52
Q

True or False. There are fewer efferent that afferent vessels per node.

A

True.

53
Q

Why are there fewer efferent lymphatic vessels?

A

Because this slows the flow of lymph through the node, allowing for more thorough cleansing as lymph percolates through passages lined with dendritic cells, lymphocytes and macrophages.

54
Q

Lymph is filtered by several nodes before it is emptied into the ________.

A

Venous circulation

55
Q

Lymph nodes are covered by?

A

A dense connective tissue capsule

56
Q

Lymph nodes are separated into sections by bundles of collagen fibers called? Which extend from the capsule deep into the?

A

Called Trabeculae
Into the node

57
Q

What is beneath the capsule?

A

Subcapsular sinus

58
Q

This is the first of a series of 1.)_________, interconnected dilated channels, through which the 2.)_________ as it passes through the lymph node.

Lymph from the 3.)__________ empties into the subcapsular sinus and then flows into sinuses in the 4.)__________.

A

1.) sinuses
2.) lymph flows
3.) afferent lymphatic vessels
4.) outer cortex

59
Q

The ________ of the lymph node is the area just below the subcapsular sinus.

A

Outer cortex

60
Q

Where is B cells found and organized into?

A

Oval-shaped lymphoid follicles in the outer cortex

61
Q

Some do the follicles contain lighter-staining central areas called?

A

Germinal centers

62
Q

B cells proliferating in response to antigen forms?

A

Germinal centers

63
Q

Moving inward from the outer cortex, we reach what?

A

Deep cortex

64
Q

Lymphocytes exit 1.)_______ and enter lymph nodes in the 2.)_________. Here T cells encounter antigens presented by dendritic cells.

The central medulla is shaped into elongated masses of cells called 3.________.

A

1.) blood vessels
2.) deep cortex
3.) medullary cords

65
Q

Medullary cord contains both types of? And it was derived of?

A

Lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells

Derived of B cells

66
Q

Where is efferent lymphatic vessels and blood vessels are found?

A

At a shallow indentation called hilum

67
Q

This lymphoid organ is a fist-sized, blood-rich organ located to the left of, and dorsal to, the stomach. It performs the same cleansing function for the blood as the lymph nodes do for the lymph.

A

Spleen

68
Q

The spleen removed what from the blood?

A

Pathogens, aged erythrocytes, and platelets

69
Q

The spleen stores and breakdown the products of what?

A

Stores platelets
Products of erythrocytes

70
Q

The spleen provides a site for the interaction of?

A

Lymphocytes with antigens

71
Q

The spleen allows intimate contact between?

A

Blood and lymphocytes

72
Q

Because it cleans the blood, the spleen is?

A

A highly vascular organ

73
Q

Where does the several beaches of splenic artery and vein enter and leave in the spleen?

A

Hilum

74
Q

Just like lymph nodes, the spleen is surrounded by?

A

Fibrous capsule

75
Q

The fibrous capsule has extensions of connective tissues called?

A

Trabeculae

76
Q

Most of the spleen is made of _____, which looks dark in fresh splenic tissue.

A

Red pulp

77
Q

Areas of red pulp are sites for?

A

Filtering and processing of red blood cells and pathogen occur.

78
Q

Lighter colored islands of ______ surround the central arteries.

A

White pulp

79
Q

What is white pulp made of?

A

Collections of lymphocytes

80
Q

Spleen flow

Blood enters the spleen through multiple branches of the 1.)_______. The branches divide further, eventually forming 2.)________ surrounded by white pulp.

A

1.) splenic artery
2.) central arteries

81
Q

Spleen flow

The central arteries divide further into 1.)_______ that carry blood deeper into the red pulp of the spleen. Blood leaves the arterioles and 2.)________ directly into the red pulp. The red pulp consists of a network of 3.)___________ studded with fibroblasts and macrophages, called the • 4.)________. Blood trickles through the spaces within these cords and squeezes into the 5.)__________, thus returning to the venous circulation.

A

1.) smaller arterioles
2.) filters
3.) reticular fibers
4.) splenic cords
5.) venous sinusoids

82
Q

Spleen flow

Macrophages recognize and remove aged erythrocytes and platelets. In addition, older 1.)_________ often break into fragments while squeezing into the sinusoids. These fragments are then cleaned up by the 2.)___________.

A

1.) erythrocytes
2.) splenic macrophages

83
Q

In stained splenic tissue, the white pulp actually looks darker than the red pulp, why?

A

Because of the many darkly staining nuclei of densely packed lymphocytes.

84
Q

White pulp consists what type of cells?

A

B and T cells

85
Q

B and T cells wander through the white pulp where they encounter their 1._______. Thus, while the red pulp is primarily responsible for removing 2.)__________, the white pulp is the site of immune interactions between 3)________ and lymphocytes.

A

1.) antigens
2.) old erythrocytes
3.) antigens

86
Q

The mucosal surfaces of the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and genitourinary systems, are vulnerable to invasion by pathogens, why?

A

Because they are exposed to the external environment.

87
Q

Collections of lymphoid tissue, called the _____________ , are strategically distributed throughout the mucosa.

A

Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)

88
Q

MALT includes what organs?

A

The tonsils, appendix, and Peer’s patches of the small intestine.

89
Q

MALT includes diffuse collections of cells in?

A

Respiratory and other mucosae

90
Q

MALT consists of what types?

A

Unencapsulated or partially encapsulated collections of lymphocytes

91
Q

MALT consists of what cells?

A

B and T cells

92
Q

These tonsils are the most affected in infection. They are found at the posterior end of the oral cavity.

A

Two palatine tonsils

93
Q

This tonsil is embedded in the wall of the nasopharynx.

A

The pharyngeal tonsil (also called adenolds)

94
Q

This is a collection of lymphoid nodules at the base of the tongue.

A

The lingual tonsil

95
Q

The tonsils trap microorganisms that enter the body through?

A

The oral or nasal cavities.

96
Q

Microorganisms, carried deep into the tonsils via the 1.)_______, stimulate an immune response and lead to the formation of abundant 2.)_________.

A

1.) crypts
2.) abundant germinal centers

97
Q

Tonsils can become overwhelmed by bacteria, becoming sites that _______, rather than kill the organisms.

A

Harbor

98
Q

1)._________ is a blind sac stemming from the wall of the first part of the large intestine. Its walls contain a large concentration of 2.)_________.

A

1.) The vermiform appendix
2.) lymphoid follicles

99
Q

Like the tonsils, the appendix can be overwhelmed by bacteria. If the mouth of the appendix becomes plugged, the pressure inside _______.

A

Rises

100
Q

Why does ruptured appendix can be life-threatening?

A

Because it spills pathogens into the otherwise sterile peritoneal cavity.

101
Q

This lymphoid organ are found in the mucosa of the distal portion of the small intestine.

A

Peyer’s patches

102
Q

Many _________ in the small intestine that make up the Peyer’s patches.

A

lymphoid follicles

103
Q

Peyer’s patches are located where they can sample the antigens moving through hollow organs open to the _________.

A

External environment

104
Q

This lymphoid organ is the site for differentiation of lymphocytes into mature T cells. Thymic hormones and other factors influence the development of immature T cells.

A

Thymus

105
Q

The thymus is located in the 1.)_________. It is at its greatest size and activity in young children. As we age, the thymus 2.)_________ in size and activity as the thymic tissue is gradually replaced by 3.)__________ tissue. This process is called 4.)________.

A

1.) mediastinum
2.) decreases
3.) fat and connective
4) thymus atrophy

106
Q

Thymic lobes are divided into lobules, which contain an _______ and _______

A

Outer cortex and an inner medulla.

107
Q

Most cells in the thymus are immature 1.)________ at various stages of development. Thymic epithelial cells influence T cell development and secrete 2.)_________. Within the medulla are distinctively shaped structures called 3.)_________.

A

1.) T cells
2.) thymic hormones
3.) thymic corpuscles

108
Q

These are clusters of keratinized epithelial cells with a whorled appearance that are scattered throughout the medullary area.

A

Thymic corpuscles

109
Q

Thymus corpuscles may be involved to?

A

The development of a type of T cell called a regulatory T cell.

110
Q

Leukocytes sometimes leave the blood
and migrate through the?

A

Tissues

111
Q

Contain both types of lymphocytes as well as macrophages and plasma cells, which are derived from B cells

A

Medullary Cords

ANAPHY 12 (6 decks)

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