LYMPHATIC SYSTEM Flashcards
1
Q
This type of cells is where many which are leukocytes and their close relatives.
A
Specialized immune cells
2
Q
Bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus are part of?
A
Lymphoid organs and tissues
3
Q
Lymphoid organs and tissues are sites where ______ are produced, reside, and come in contact with pathogens.
A
Lymphocytes
4
Q
Where does the leukocytes originate?
A
Bone marrow
5
Q
A cell that has multi-lobed nucleus, pale-staining granules, and phagocytize pathogens.
A
Neutrophil
6
Q
A cell that has round nucleus, no granules, include B and T cells.
A
Lymphocytes
7
Q
Large cells, U-shaped nucleus, no granules, become macrophages in tissues.
A
Monocyte
8
Q
A cell that has bi-loved nucleus, red-staining granules, fight parasites and contribute to allergies.
A
Eosinophil
9
Q
A cell that has blue-staining granules, least common of the leukocytes, and release histamine and other inflammatory chemicals.
A
Basophil
10
Q
_____ engulf and destroy pathogens, dead cells and debris.
A
Phagocytes
11
Q
The professional phagocytes
A
Neutrophils and Macrophages
12
Q
These do the process and present antigen to T cells.
A
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs)
13
Q
This type of cell capture antigens in the periphery, migrate to lymph nodes, and present these antigens to T cells.
A
Dendritic cells
14
Q
What are the APCs?
A
Dendritic cells, Macrophages, and B cells
15
Q
Where are APCs commonly found?
A
Lymphoid organ and tissues
16
Q
These cells are of adaptive community.
A
Effector cells
17
Q
Effector cells includes?
A
B cell and T cell
18
Q
Other cells, mostly leukocytes and some non-leukocytes such as _______, perform versions other functions in host defenses.
A
Mast cells
19
Q
This type of immunity involves lymph and can produce antigen-specific antibodies.
A
Humoral
20
Q
This type of immunity involves cells and cannot produce antigen-specific antibodies.
A
Cell mediated
21
Q
Where leukocytes are normally found?
A
Blood
22
Q
Where are non-leukocytes normally found?
A
Tissue
23
Q
Lymphocytes are a key component of what type of immunity?
A
Adaptive
24
Q
B cells matures where?
A
Bone marrow
25
T cells matures where?
Thymus
26
Bone marrow and thymus are considered what type of lymphoid organs?
Primary
27
What are the secondary lymphoid organs?
Lymph nodes, spleen, Peyer’s patches, Tonsils, and appendix
28
Where do lymphocytes contact pathogens and are activated?
Secondary lymphoid organs
29
A one way system of vessels.
Lymphatic vessels
30
The fluid in this vessels are called?
Lymph
31
Lymphatic system consists of?
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph
Lymph nodes
32
These are responsible for collections of excess interstitial fluid that leaves capillaries and accumulated in the tissues.
Lymphatic capillaries
33
Interstitial fluid is 1.)_________ by lymphatic capillaries into larger 2.)________, filtered through 3.)_________ to remove antigens, and eventually returned to the 4.) ________.
1.) drained
2.) lymph vessels
3) lymph nodes
4.) circulatory system
34
This condition is when lymphatic vessels do not function properly resulting to fluid builds up in tissues, so antigen are not efficiently delivered to the lymph nodes.
Lymphedema
35
In lymphedema, affected tissues are at increased risk of?
Uncontrolled infection
36
Flow do Lymph I.
The lymph capillaries weave through the 1.)__________ of loose connective tissue. They are blind sacs (2.)_______) formed by overlapping 3.) __________ . The overlapping endothelial cells are supported by 4.)_________ that anchor the cells to the surrounding matrix.
1.) blood capillary beds
2.) closed tubes
3.) endothelial cells
4.) collagen filaments
37
Flow of Lymph II
As fluid builds up in the tissue, the overlapping flaps of the endothelial cells 1.)________ and the fluid enters the capillary. These overlapping endothelial cells act as 2.) ___________.
1.) opens
2.) one-way valves
38
What can also enter the lymphatics from the tissues and be transported to nearby lymph nodes?
Plasma proteins, pathogens, antigens, and dendritic cells
39
Lymph capillaries lead into 1.)______ which contain one-way valves. 2.)______ between segments of larger lymph vessels are the lymph nodes. Lymph filters through the nodes and is cleansed of 3.)________ and 4.)________ by phagocytes.
1.) larger lymph vessels
2.) Interspersed
3.) antigens
4.) pathogens
40
Lymph is 1.)_______ into successively larger lymphatic vessels until it finally drains into the 2.)_________ at the large neck veins.
1.) funneled
2.) circulatory system
41
True or False. The lymphatic vessels return excess tissue fluid and any leaked antigens to the blood.
False. Leaked proteins.
42
True or False. Lymphatic vessels transport pathogens, antigens, and dendritic cells from the tissues to the lymph nodes.
True.
43
True or False. The lymphatic vessels transport absorbed protein to the blood via special lymphatic capillaries in the intestine, called lacteals.
False. Absorbed fat.
44
True or False. Lymphatic vessels together with the lymph and the lymph nodes form the lymphatic system, not important for body defenses.
False. Important.
45
These are small oval or bean-shaped secondary lymphoid organs arrayed along lymphatic vessels.
Lymph nodes
46
Clusters of lymph nodes are found where?
Several lymphatic vessels converge
- e.g. cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions
47
How do lymph nodes filter the lymph?
By removing antigen and other debris.
48
Lymph nodes provide sites for the activities of what cells? And by what?
B and T cells, by antigens.
49
What is called to the vessels that carry lymph into lymph node?
Afferent lymphatic vessels
50
The afferent lymphatic vessels carry 1.)________ lymph from the tissues into the node. Several afferent lymphatic vessels feed into a 2.)______ node on its 3.)_____ side.
1.) antigen-containing
2) single
3.) convex
51
What I called to the vessels that carry lymph away from a lymph node?
Efferent lymphatic vessels
52
True or False. There are fewer efferent that afferent vessels per node.
True.
53
Why are there fewer efferent lymphatic vessels?
Because this slows the flow of lymph through the node, allowing for more thorough cleansing as lymph percolates through passages lined with dendritic cells, lymphocytes and macrophages.
54
Lymph is filtered by several nodes before it is emptied into the ________.
Venous circulation
55
Lymph nodes are covered by?
A dense connective tissue capsule
56
Lymph nodes are separated into sections by bundles of collagen fibers called? Which extend from the capsule deep into the?
Called Trabeculae
Into the node
57
What is beneath the capsule?
Subcapsular sinus
58
This is the first of a series of 1.)_________, interconnected dilated channels, through which the 2.)_________ as it passes through the lymph node.
Lymph from the 3.)__________ empties into the subcapsular sinus and then flows into sinuses in the 4.)__________.
1.) sinuses
2.) lymph flows
3.) afferent lymphatic vessels
4.) outer cortex
59
The ________ of the lymph node is the area just below the subcapsular sinus.
Outer cortex
60
Where is B cells found and organized into?
Oval-shaped lymphoid follicles in the outer cortex
61
Some do the follicles contain lighter-staining central areas called?
Germinal centers
62
B cells proliferating in response to antigen forms?
Germinal centers
63
Moving inward from the outer cortex, we reach what?
Deep cortex
64
Lymphocytes exit 1.)_______ and enter lymph nodes in the 2.)_________. Here T cells encounter antigens presented by dendritic cells.
The central medulla is shaped into elongated masses of cells called 3.________.
1.) blood vessels
2.) deep cortex
3.) medullary cords
65
Medullary cord contains both types of? And it was derived of?
Lymphocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells
Derived of B cells
66
Where is efferent lymphatic vessels and blood vessels are found?
At a shallow indentation called hilum
67
This lymphoid organ is a fist-sized, blood-rich organ located to the left of, and dorsal to, the stomach. It performs the same cleansing function for the blood as the lymph nodes do for the lymph.
Spleen
68
The spleen removed what from the blood?
Pathogens, aged erythrocytes, and platelets
69
The spleen stores and breakdown the products of what?
Stores platelets
Products of erythrocytes
70
The spleen provides a site for the interaction of?
Lymphocytes with antigens
71
The spleen allows intimate contact between?
Blood and lymphocytes
72
Because it cleans the blood, the spleen is?
A highly vascular organ
73
Where does the several beaches of splenic artery and vein enter and leave in the spleen?
Hilum
74
Just like lymph nodes, the spleen is surrounded by?
Fibrous capsule
75
The fibrous capsule has extensions of connective tissues called?
Trabeculae
76
Most of the spleen is made of _____, which looks dark in fresh splenic tissue.
Red pulp
77
Areas of red pulp are sites for?
Filtering and processing of red blood cells and pathogen occur.
78
Lighter colored islands of ______ surround the central arteries.
White pulp
79
What is white pulp made of?
Collections of lymphocytes
80
Spleen flow
Blood enters the spleen through multiple branches of the 1.)_______. The branches divide further, eventually forming 2.)________ surrounded by white pulp.
1.) splenic artery
2.) central arteries
81
Spleen flow
The central arteries divide further into 1.)_______ that carry blood deeper into the red pulp of the spleen. Blood leaves the arterioles and 2.)________ directly into the red pulp. The red pulp consists of a network of 3.)___________ studded with fibroblasts and macrophages, called the • 4.)________. Blood trickles through the spaces within these cords and squeezes into the 5.)__________, thus returning to the venous circulation.
1.) smaller arterioles
2.) filters
3.) reticular fibers
4.) splenic cords
5.) venous sinusoids
82
Spleen flow
Macrophages recognize and remove aged erythrocytes and platelets. In addition, older 1.)_________ often break into fragments while squeezing into the sinusoids. These fragments are then cleaned up by the 2.)___________.
1.) erythrocytes
2.) splenic macrophages
83
In stained splenic tissue, the white pulp actually looks darker than the red pulp, why?
Because of the many darkly staining nuclei of densely packed lymphocytes.
84
White pulp consists what type of cells?
B and T cells
85
B and T cells wander through the white pulp where they encounter their 1._______. Thus, while the red pulp is primarily responsible for removing 2.)__________, the white pulp is the site of immune interactions between 3)________ and lymphocytes.
1.) antigens
2.) old erythrocytes
3.) antigens
86
The mucosal surfaces of the digestive tract, respiratory tract, and genitourinary systems, are vulnerable to invasion by pathogens, why?
Because they are exposed to the external environment.
87
Collections of lymphoid tissue, called the _____________ , are strategically distributed throughout the mucosa.
Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT)
88
MALT includes what organs?
The tonsils, appendix, and Peer's patches of the small intestine.
89
MALT includes diffuse collections of cells in?
Respiratory and other mucosae
90
MALT consists of what types?
Unencapsulated or partially encapsulated collections of lymphocytes
91
MALT consists of what cells?
B and T cells
92
These tonsils are the most affected in infection. They are found at the posterior end of the oral cavity.
Two palatine tonsils
93
This tonsil is embedded in the wall of the nasopharynx.
The pharyngeal tonsil (also called adenolds)
94
This is a collection of lymphoid nodules at the base of the tongue.
The lingual tonsil
95
The tonsils trap microorganisms that enter the body through?
The oral or nasal cavities.
96
Microorganisms, carried deep into the tonsils via the 1.)_______, stimulate an immune response and lead to the formation of abundant 2.)_________.
1.) crypts
2.) abundant germinal centers
97
Tonsils can become overwhelmed by bacteria, becoming sites that _______, rather than kill the organisms.
Harbor
98
1)._________ is a blind sac stemming from the wall of the first part of the large intestine. Its walls contain a large concentration of 2.)_________.
1.) The vermiform appendix
2.) lymphoid follicles
99
Like the tonsils, the appendix can be overwhelmed by bacteria. If the mouth of the appendix becomes plugged, the pressure inside _______.
Rises
100
Why does ruptured appendix can be life-threatening?
Because it spills pathogens into the otherwise sterile peritoneal cavity.
101
This lymphoid organ are found in the mucosa of the distal portion of the small intestine.
Peyer's patches
102
Many _________ in the small intestine that make up the Peyer's patches.
lymphoid follicles
103
Peyer's patches are located where they can sample the antigens moving through hollow organs open to the _________.
External environment
104
This lymphoid organ is the site for differentiation of lymphocytes into mature T cells. Thymic hormones and other factors influence the development of immature T cells.
Thymus
105
The thymus is located in the 1.)_________. It is at its greatest size and activity in young children. As we age, the thymus 2.)_________ in size and activity as the thymic tissue is gradually replaced by 3.)__________ tissue. This process is called 4.)________.
1.) mediastinum
2.) decreases
3.) fat and connective
4) thymus atrophy
106
Thymic lobes are divided into lobules, which contain an _______ and _______
Outer cortex and an inner medulla.
107
Most cells in the thymus are immature 1.)________ at various stages of development. Thymic epithelial cells influence T cell development and secrete 2.)_________. Within the medulla are distinctively shaped structures called 3.)_________.
1.) T cells
2.) thymic hormones
3.) thymic corpuscles
108
These are clusters of keratinized epithelial cells with a whorled appearance that are scattered throughout the medullary area.
Thymic corpuscles
109
Thymus corpuscles may be involved to?
The development of a type of T cell called a regulatory T cell.
110
Leukocytes sometimes leave the blood
and migrate through the?
Tissues
111
Contain both types of lymphocytes as well as macrophages and plasma cells, which are derived from B cells
Medullary Cords
