CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: Part 3 Flashcards
1
Q
______ form a closed vascular system that transports blood to the tissues and back to the heart.
A
Blood Vessels
2
Q
These type of vessels carry blood away from the heart.
A
Arteries and arterioles
3
Q
These type of vessels return blood toward the heart.
A
Venules and veins
4
Q
This type of vessel play a role in exchange between tissues and blood.
A
Capillary beds
5
Q
What is called the layers in blood vessels?
A
Tunics
6
Q
How many tunics are there?
A
3
7
Q
This layer in blood vessel forms a friction-reducing lining and it’s near the endothelium. It’s made up of simple squamous and loose connective tissue.
A
Tunica intima
8
Q
This layer in blood vessel composed of smooth muscle and elastic tissue.
A
Tunica media
9
Q
Tunica media is controlled by what system?
A
Sympathetic Nervous System
10
Q
Why is Tunica Media being controlled by sympathetic nervous system?
A
To vasoconstrict or vasodilate
11
Q
This layer in blood vessel forms protective outermost covering. It is made up mostly of fibrous connective tissue. This layer has a lot of collagen fibers.
A
Tunica externa
12
Q
Function of Tunica externa.
A
Supports and protects the vessel
13
Q
Where can internal elastic lamina can be found?
A
Between Tunica intima and Tunica media
14
Q
Where can external elastic lamina can be found?
A
Between tunica media and tunica externa
15
Q
Where is elastic lamina can be only found?
A
Arteries
16
Q
1._________ have a heavier, stronger, stretchier tunica media than 2._________ to withstand changes in pressure.
A
- Arteries
- Veins
17
Q
Veins have a thinner tunica media than arteries and operate under ________.
A
Low pressure
18
Q
Which type of vessel has the larger lumen?
A
Vein
19
Q
What type of muscle milks the blood in veins toward the heart?
A
Skeletal muscle
20
Q
Blood flow against gravity. True or False?
A
True.
21
Q
Why does vein have multiple valves?
A
Because the blood flows against gravity.
22
Q
When the skeletal muscle squeezes the vein. What happens to the valve below and valve above?
A
Below valve closes and upper valve opens.
23
Q
Capillaries made up of?
A
One cell layer thick (tunica intima)
24
Q
Capillaries forms networks called?
A
Capillary beds
25
A capillary bed that directly connects the arterioles to venules.
Vascular shunt
26
This capillary bed is known to be the actual exchange vessels.
True capillaries
27
What is the term for the blood flow through a capillary bed?
Microcirculation
28
True capillaries are branch off a terminal arteriole. So it empties indirectly into a postcapillary venule. True or False?
False. Directly into..
29
Entrances to capillary beds are guarded by?
Precapillary sphincters
30
Precapillary is made out of smooth muscle fiber. It surrounds the root of true capillaries and acts a valve to regulate the flow in the capillary. True or False?
True.
31
Where does blood flow when the sphincters are closed?
Blood flows directly through the Vascular shunt.
32
It is the measurements of arterial pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and body temperature.
Vital signs
33
It’s the alternate expansion and recoil of a blood vessel wall producing the pressure wave that occurs as the heart beats.
Arterial pulse
34
Arterial pulse is monitored at pressure points in ___________, where pulse is easily palpated.
Superficial arteries
35
How many is the pulse range at rest of a healthy person?
70 to 76 beats per minute at rest
36
It is the force that causes blood to continue to flow in the blood vessels.
Blood pressure
37
The pressure the blood exerts against the _________ of the blood vessels.
Inner walls
38
When the ventricles contract what happens to the blood? (Blood pressure gradient)
Blood is forced into elastic arteries close to the heart.
39
Pressure decreases in blood vessels as distance from the heart?
a. Decreases
b. Remains the same
c. Increases
d. None of the above
c. Increases
40
Enumerate arteries, capillaries, and veins from highest to lowest pressure present in them.
1. Arteries
2. Capillaries
3. Veins
41
In blood pressure, what are the 2 arterial blood pressures are measured?
Systolic and Diastolic
42
This arterial blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction.
Systolic
43
This arterial blood pressure is the pressure when ventricles relax.
Diastolic
44
Blood pressure is expressed as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure in?
Millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)
45
What method is an indirect method of measuring systemic arterial blood pressure, most often in the brachial artery?
Auscultatory method
46
Arterial BP is directly related to cardiac
output and peripheral resistance. True or False?
True.
47
Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute.
-
48
This is the amount of friction blood encounters as it flows through vessels.
Peripheral resistance (PR)
49
BP = CO x PR
-
50
What is the neural factor that effects the blood pressure?
The autonomic nervous system
51
Parasympathetic nervous system has so much effect on blood pressure. True or False?
False. Has little to no effect.
52
Sympathetic nervous system promotes vasoconstriction (narrowing of vessels), which _________ blood pressure.
Increases
53
What type of factor is the kidney in the effects of various factors on blood pressure?
Renal factors
54
Kidneys regulate blood pressure by?
Altering blood volume
55
If blood pressure is too low, the kidney releases water in the urine. True or False?
False. That’s what happens when the blood pressure is too high.
56
If blood pressure is too low, the kidneys release renin to trigger formation of angiotensin I, a vasoconstrictor. True or False?
False. It triggers formation of angiotensin II.
57
Angiotensin II stimulates release of ______, which enhances sodium and water transport ion by kidneys tom increase blood pressure.
Aldosterone
58
Heat has a vasodilations effect.
Cold has a vasoconstricting effect.
True or False?
True.
59
Epinephrine, a type of chemical/substance, can increase what?
Heart rate and blood pressure
60
What needs to be low in a person’s diet to prevent hypertension?
Low in salt
Low in saturated fats
Low in cholesterol
61
Normal range of blood pressure:
Systolic - 110 to 140
Diastolic - 70 to 80
True or False?
True.
62
Low blood pressure - Hypertension
It is when you have below 100 mm Hg in systolic.
True or False?
False. Hypotension for low blood pressure.
63
__________ is a warning sign for circulatory shock.
Acute hypotension
64
High blood pressure - Hypertension
Common in adults above 40 years old. Sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 mm Hg.
True or False?
True.
65
Hypertension is a warning of increased?
Peripheral resistance (PR)
66
Interstitial fluid (tissue fluid) is found between?
Cells
67
Substances move to and from the blood and tissue cells through?
Capillary walls
68
_______ is due to concentration gradients.
Exchange
69
What leaves the blood and move into tissue cells?
Oxygen and nutrients
70
What exits tissue cells and enter the blood?
Carbon dioxide and other wastes
71
Substances takes only one route entering and leaving the blood. True or False?
False. They take various routes.
72
What are the routes in entering and leaving the blood?
1. Direct diffusion through membranes
2. Diffusion through intercellular clefts
3. Diffusion through pores of fenestrated capillaries
4. Transport via vesicles
73
These are the gaps between cells in the capillary wall.
Intercellular clefts
74
Intercellular cleft is present in all capillaries except?
Capillaries found in brain.
75
Fenestra means an opening and is usually covered by a delicate membrane. True or False?
True.
76
Fenestrated capillaries can be found in parts where absorption and filtration is require. Give us example of places.
Intestines (absorption)
Kidney (filtration)
77
Blood pressure forces fluid and solutes into capillaries. True or False?
False. Out of capillaries.
78
Osmotic pressure draws fluid into capillaries. True or False?
True.
79
Blood pressure is 1._________ than osmotic pressure at the arterial 2._________ of the capillary bed.
1. Higher
2. End
80
Blood pressure is lower than the osmotic pressure at the venous end of the capillary bed. True or False?
True.
81
Fluid moves out of the capillary at the end of the bed and is reclaimed at the opposite (venule) beginning. True or False?
False. Beginning and end should be switch.
82
In an embryo, the heart develops as a simple tube and pumps blood by week __ of pregnancy.
4
83
In an embryo, the heart becomes a four-chambered organ capable of acting as a double pump over the next ___ weeks.
3
84
Umbilical cord carries what from maternal blood to fetal blood?
Nutrients and oxygen
85
Umbilical cord moves fetal wastes from fetal blood to maternal blood. True or False?
True.
86
Umbilical cord houses?
One umbilical vein and two umbilical arteries.
87
Vein have what to prevent back flow of the blood?
Valves
88
True Capillaries empty directly into a?
Postcapillary venule
89
True or False. Blood flows along a ascending pressure gradient.
False. Descending.
90
What temperature has a vasoconstricting effect?
Cold
91
Capillary exchange of gases and nutrients form an _________ with our cell bodies.
Intricate network
92
_______ may enter or leave the blood and/or pass-through plasma membranes if endothelial cells within vesicles.
Lipid insoluble substance
93
These processes are involve in vesicular transport.
Endocytosis and exocytosis
94
Adult Circulation
Blood flow bypass the liver through the _____ and enters the inferior vena cava to right atrium of heart.
Ductus venosus
95
Adult Circulation
What organ can detoxify the blood before being delivered to the heart?
Liver
96
Blood entering the right atrium is shunted directly into left atrium through?
Foramen ovale
97
What is foramen ovale at birth?
Fossa ovalis
98
________ connects aorta and pulmonary trunk.
Ductus arteriosus
99
What is duct arteriosus at birth?
Ligamentum arteriosum
100
In an adult, the blood coming into the right ventricle is pumped into the ________ that branches to the pulmonary artery, in turn, delivers blood into the lungs for oxygenation.
Pulmonary trunk
