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ANAPHY 12 > CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: Part 3 > Flashcards

CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM: Part 3 Flashcards

1
Q

______ form a closed vascular system that transports blood to the tissues and back to the heart.

A

Blood Vessels

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2
Q

These type of vessels carry blood away from the heart.

A

Arteries and arterioles

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3
Q

These type of vessels return blood toward the heart.

A

Venules and veins

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4
Q

This type of vessel play a role in exchange between tissues and blood.

A

Capillary beds

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5
Q

What is called the layers in blood vessels?

A

Tunics

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6
Q

How many tunics are there?

A

3

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7
Q

This layer in blood vessel forms a friction-reducing lining and it’s near the endothelium. It’s made up of simple squamous and loose connective tissue.

A

Tunica intima

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8
Q

This layer in blood vessel composed of smooth muscle and elastic tissue.

A

Tunica media

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9
Q

Tunica media is controlled by what system?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

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10
Q

Why is Tunica Media being controlled by sympathetic nervous system?

A

To vasoconstrict or vasodilate

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11
Q

This layer in blood vessel forms protective outermost covering. It is made up mostly of fibrous connective tissue. This layer has a lot of collagen fibers.

A

Tunica externa

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12
Q

Function of Tunica externa.

A

Supports and protects the vessel

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13
Q

Where can internal elastic lamina can be found?

A

Between Tunica intima and Tunica media

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14
Q

Where can external elastic lamina can be found?

A

Between tunica media and tunica externa

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15
Q

Where is elastic lamina can be only found?

A

Arteries

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16
Q

1._________ have a heavier, stronger, stretchier tunica media than 2._________ to withstand changes in pressure.

A
  1. Arteries
  2. Veins
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17
Q

Veins have a thinner tunica media than arteries and operate under ________.

A

Low pressure

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18
Q

Which type of vessel has the larger lumen?

A

Vein

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19
Q

What type of muscle milks the blood in veins toward the heart?

A

Skeletal muscle

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20
Q

Blood flow against gravity. True or False?

A

True.

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21
Q

Why does vein have multiple valves?

A

Because the blood flows against gravity.

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22
Q

When the skeletal muscle squeezes the vein. What happens to the valve below and valve above?

A

Below valve closes and upper valve opens.

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23
Q

Capillaries made up of?

A

One cell layer thick (tunica intima)

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24
Q

Capillaries forms networks called?

A

Capillary beds

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25
Q

A capillary bed that directly connects the arterioles to venules.

A

Vascular shunt

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26
Q

This capillary bed is known to be the actual exchange vessels.

A

True capillaries

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27
Q

What is the term for the blood flow through a capillary bed?

A

Microcirculation

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28
Q

True capillaries are branch off a terminal arteriole. So it empties indirectly into a postcapillary venule. True or False?

A

False. Directly into..

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29
Q

Entrances to capillary beds are guarded by?

A

Precapillary sphincters

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30
Q

Precapillary is made out of smooth muscle fiber. It surrounds the root of true capillaries and acts a valve to regulate the flow in the capillary. True or False?

A

True.

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31
Q

Where does blood flow when the sphincters are closed?

A

Blood flows directly through the Vascular shunt.

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32
Q

It is the measurements of arterial pulse, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and body temperature.

A

Vital signs

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33
Q

It’s the alternate expansion and recoil of a blood vessel wall producing the pressure wave that occurs as the heart beats.

A

Arterial pulse

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34
Q

Arterial pulse is monitored at pressure points in ___________, where pulse is easily palpated.

A

Superficial arteries

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35
Q

How many is the pulse range at rest of a healthy person?

A

70 to 76 beats per minute at rest

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36
Q

It is the force that causes blood to continue to flow in the blood vessels.

A

Blood pressure

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37
Q

The pressure the blood exerts against the _________ of the blood vessels.

A

Inner walls

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38
Q

When the ventricles contract what happens to the blood? (Blood pressure gradient)

A

Blood is forced into elastic arteries close to the heart.

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39
Q

Pressure decreases in blood vessels as distance from the heart?

a. Decreases
b. Remains the same
c. Increases
d. None of the above

A

c. Increases

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40
Q

Enumerate arteries, capillaries, and veins from highest to lowest pressure present in them.

A
  1. Arteries
  2. Capillaries
  3. Veins
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41
Q

In blood pressure, what are the 2 arterial blood pressures are measured?

A

Systolic and Diastolic

42
Q

This arterial blood pressure is the pressure in the arteries at the peak of ventricular contraction.

A

Systolic

43
Q

This arterial blood pressure is the pressure when ventricles relax.

A

Diastolic

44
Q

Blood pressure is expressed as systolic pressure over diastolic pressure in?

A

Millimeters of mercury (mm Hg)

45
Q

What method is an indirect method of measuring systemic arterial blood pressure, most often in the brachial artery?

A

Auscultatory method

46
Q

Arterial BP is directly related to cardiac
output and peripheral resistance. True or False?

A

True.

47
Q

Cardiac output is the amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle per minute.

A

-

48
Q

This is the amount of friction blood encounters as it flows through vessels.

A

Peripheral resistance (PR)

49
Q

BP = CO x PR

A

-

50
Q

What is the neural factor that effects the blood pressure?

A

The autonomic nervous system

51
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system has so much effect on blood pressure. True or False?

A

False. Has little to no effect.

52
Q

Sympathetic nervous system promotes vasoconstriction (narrowing of vessels), which _________ blood pressure.

A

Increases

53
Q

What type of factor is the kidney in the effects of various factors on blood pressure?

A

Renal factors

54
Q

Kidneys regulate blood pressure by?

A

Altering blood volume

55
Q

If blood pressure is too low, the kidney releases water in the urine. True or False?

A

False. That’s what happens when the blood pressure is too high.

56
Q

If blood pressure is too low, the kidneys release renin to trigger formation of angiotensin I, a vasoconstrictor. True or False?

A

False. It triggers formation of angiotensin II.

57
Q

Angiotensin II stimulates release of ______, which enhances sodium and water transport ion by kidneys tom increase blood pressure.

A

Aldosterone

58
Q

Heat has a vasodilations effect.
Cold has a vasoconstricting effect.
True or False?

A

True.

59
Q

Epinephrine, a type of chemical/substance, can increase what?

A

Heart rate and blood pressure

60
Q

What needs to be low in a person’s diet to prevent hypertension?

A

Low in salt
Low in saturated fats
Low in cholesterol

61
Q

Normal range of blood pressure:
Systolic - 110 to 140
Diastolic - 70 to 80

True or False?

A

True.

62
Q

Low blood pressure - Hypertension

It is when you have below 100 mm Hg in systolic.

True or False?

A

False. Hypotension for low blood pressure.

63
Q

__________ is a warning sign for circulatory shock.

A

Acute hypotension

64
Q

High blood pressure - Hypertension

Common in adults above 40 years old. Sustained elevated arterial pressure of 140/90 mm Hg.

True or False?

A

True.

65
Q

Hypertension is a warning of increased?

A

Peripheral resistance (PR)

66
Q

Interstitial fluid (tissue fluid) is found between?

A

Cells

67
Q

Substances move to and from the blood and tissue cells through?

A

Capillary walls

68
Q

_______ is due to concentration gradients.

A

Exchange

69
Q

What leaves the blood and move into tissue cells?

A

Oxygen and nutrients

70
Q

What exits tissue cells and enter the blood?

A

Carbon dioxide and other wastes

71
Q

Substances takes only one route entering and leaving the blood. True or False?

A

False. They take various routes.

72
Q

What are the routes in entering and leaving the blood?

A
  1. Direct diffusion through membranes
  2. Diffusion through intercellular clefts
  3. Diffusion through pores of fenestrated capillaries
  4. Transport via vesicles
73
Q

These are the gaps between cells in the capillary wall.

A

Intercellular clefts

74
Q

Intercellular cleft is present in all capillaries except?

A

Capillaries found in brain.

75
Q

Fenestra means an opening and is usually covered by a delicate membrane. True or False?

A

True.

76
Q

Fenestrated capillaries can be found in parts where absorption and filtration is require. Give us example of places.

A

Intestines (absorption)
Kidney (filtration)

77
Q

Blood pressure forces fluid and solutes into capillaries. True or False?

A

False. Out of capillaries.

78
Q

Osmotic pressure draws fluid into capillaries. True or False?

A

True.

79
Q

Blood pressure is 1._________ than osmotic pressure at the arterial 2._________ of the capillary bed.

A
  1. Higher
  2. End
80
Q

Blood pressure is lower than the osmotic pressure at the venous end of the capillary bed. True or False?

A

True.

81
Q

Fluid moves out of the capillary at the end of the bed and is reclaimed at the opposite (venule) beginning. True or False?

A

False. Beginning and end should be switch.

82
Q

In an embryo, the heart develops as a simple tube and pumps blood by week __ of pregnancy.

A

4

83
Q

In an embryo, the heart becomes a four-chambered organ capable of acting as a double pump over the next ___ weeks.

A

3

84
Q

Umbilical cord carries what from maternal blood to fetal blood?

A

Nutrients and oxygen

85
Q

Umbilical cord moves fetal wastes from fetal blood to maternal blood. True or False?

A

True.

86
Q

Umbilical cord houses?

A

One umbilical vein and two umbilical arteries.

87
Q

Vein have what to prevent back flow of the blood?

A

Valves

88
Q

True Capillaries empty directly into a?

A

Postcapillary venule

89
Q

True or False. Blood flows along a ascending pressure gradient.

A

False. Descending.

90
Q

What temperature has a vasoconstricting effect?

A

Cold

91
Q

Capillary exchange of gases and nutrients form an _________ with our cell bodies.

A

Intricate network

92
Q

_______ may enter or leave the blood and/or pass-through plasma membranes if endothelial cells within vesicles.

A

Lipid insoluble substance

93
Q

These processes are involve in vesicular transport.

A

Endocytosis and exocytosis

94
Q

Adult Circulation

Blood flow bypass the liver through the _____ and enters the inferior vena cava to right atrium of heart.

A

Ductus venosus

95
Q

Adult Circulation

What organ can detoxify the blood before being delivered to the heart?

A

Liver

96
Q

Blood entering the right atrium is shunted directly into left atrium through?

A

Foramen ovale

97
Q

What is foramen ovale at birth?

A

Fossa ovalis

98
Q

________ connects aorta and pulmonary trunk.

A

Ductus arteriosus

99
Q

What is duct arteriosus at birth?

A

Ligamentum arteriosum

100
Q

In an adult, the blood coming into the right ventricle is pumped into the ________ that branches to the pulmonary artery, in turn, delivers blood into the lungs for oxygenation.

A

Pulmonary trunk

ANAPHY 12 (6 decks)

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