IMMUNE SYSTEM

Question 1

These are fast acting, non-specific, provide crude protection again s any and all pathogens that enter the body.

Answer 1

Innate immune response

Question 2

Line of internal defense that consists of neutrophils and macrophages.

Answer 2

Phagocytic cells

Question 3

Kill body cells that have become virus infected or cancerous.

Answer 3

Natural killer cells

Question 4

Complement and interferons

Answer 4

Antimicrobial proteins

Question 5

Other lines of internal defense

Answer 5

Inflammation and fever

Question 6

Process of coifing bacteria to enhance phagocytosis

Answer 6

Opsonization

Question 7

Form a link between a pathogen and a phagocyte, triggering phagocytosis.

Answer 7

Opsonins

Question 8

Two factors that can act as opsonins.

Answer 8

Antibodies and complement

Question 9

Block the fusion of lysosomes with the phagosome

Answer 9

Secreting molecules

Question 10

Pathogens can devolve resistance to the effects of?

Answer 10

Lysosomal enzymes and reactive oxygen intermediates

Question 11

Pathogen can find ways to escape phagosome by?

Answer 11

Take up residence, and replicate within the cytoplasm of the phagocyte.

Question 12

Natural killer cells make up how many percentage lymphocyte circulating in the blood?

Answer 12

10-15%

Question 13

Strategically distributed throughout the body, particularly at those points such as the respiratory and digestive tract mucosae, where pathogens can most easily gain entry to the body

Answer 13

Immune System

Question 14

In order to know which are pathogens, phagocytes uses _________ to recognize and bind molecules that are found only on certain pathogens.

Answer 14

Mannose receptor and toll-like receptor

Question 15

When phagocytes recognize a pathogen, two events are triggered:

Answer 15

1. Ingestion of the pathogen
2. Release of chemical alarm
   signals

Question 16

Like T cells, NK cells kill the body’s own cells under 2 circumstances:

Answer 16

• If those cells have been invaded by intracellular pathogens
• If they have become cancerous
• larger than B and T cells

Question 17

NK cells look for the absence of?

Answer 17

Self-proteins (belongs to the body)

Question 18

Process when NK cells and T cells scan the body for abnormalities; act in complementary fashion.

Answer 18

Immune Surveillance

Question 19

T Cells look for abnormal antigens on the cell surface while NK Cells look for the absence of?

Answer 19

Normally occurring self-proteins

Question 20

Phagocytosis induces the target cell to?

Answer 20

Undergo apoptosis or cell suicide

Question 21

Like macrophages, NK cells become more effective killers following:

Answer 21

• Activation by cytokines from
  certain T cells
• Coating of cells with antibody

Question 22

_________ that modulate the immune system which:
- Interfere with viral replication
- Modulate inflammation
- Activate immune cells

Answer 22

Cytokines

Question 23

Types of interferons

Answer 23

Alpha Interferon
Beta Interferon
Gamma Interferon

Question 24

• Viruses must enter cells to replicate.
• When a virus penetrates a target cell membrane, it releases its nucleic acid and takes over the host cell machinery to make more copies of that virus.
• The presence of a virus replicating inside it causes to produce interferons.
• Interferons bind to plasma membrane receptors on nearby cells.
• They act as warning signals, indicating that there’s a virus on the loose.
• Uninfected cells produce proteins
  that inhibit viral replication by:
  • Degrading viral RNA
  • Preventing the synthesis
  of viral proteins

Answer 24

-

Question 25

Antimicrobial Proteins: Complement System • Enhances the innate and adaptive system . As each protein is activated, it becomes an enzyme that activates the next protein until the final product is formed • When activated these proteins can: > Mark cells for phagocytosis > Promote inflammation > Kill some bacteria all by themselves