lymphatic system

Question 1

t/f: at the capillary level fluids are pushed out of vessels and into the tissues

Answer 1

true

Question 2

fluid within tissues
- most but NOT ALL of this fluid is picked up and returned to venules

Answer 2

interstitial fluid

Question 3

interstitial fluid picked up by the lymphatic system; a fluid connective tissue

Answer 3

lymph

Question 4

consists of lymph vessels and lymphoid tissues and organs

Answer 4

lymphatic system

Question 5

• return interstitial fluid to bloodstream
• initiate an immune response when necessary
• transport dietary lipids

Answer 5

functions of the lymphatic system

Question 6

• smallest of lymph vessels
• wall composed of endothelium
• walls have 1-way flaps

Answer 6

lymphatic capillaries

Question 7

• lymphatic capillaries in small intestine
• function: in addition to carrying interstitial fluid, they also carry dietary lipids (fats and some vitamins)

Answer 7

lacteals

Question 8

• like veins, they have three layers (tunics) and valves
• they take lymph to and from lymph nodes

Answer 8

lymphatic vessels

Question 9

formed from merging lymphatic vessels; drain into lymphatic ducts

Answer 9

lymphatic trunks

Question 10

what are the two types of lymphatic ducts?

Answer 10

right lymphatic duct and thoracic duct

Question 11

• receives lymph from:
  
  • right side of head, neck, and thorax
  • right upper limb
• drains into right subclavian vein

Answer 11

right lymphatic duct

Question 12

• receives lymph from:
  
  • left side of head, neck, thorax
  • left upper limb
  • entire abdomen, left and right lower limbs
• drains into left subclavian vein

Answer 12

thoracic duct

Question 13

• swelling caused by blockage of lymphatic vessels
• results in increased interstitial fluid

Answer 13

lymphedema

Question 14

the defense mechanisms present at birth; non-specific/rapid response

Answer 14

innate immunity

Question 15

those defense mechanisms which are developed in response to contact with antigens; specific; slower response, memory
- these cells start to produce an immune response when exposed to antigens

Answer 15

adaptive immunity

Question 16

anything perceived as foreign in the body

Answer 16

antigen

Question 17

how do you identify a lymphocyte?

Answer 17

huge nucleus

Question 18

some of these cells manage/direct an immune response, while others directly attack cells

Answer 18

t-lymphocytes (t-cells)

Question 19

many of these cells secrete antibodies

Answer 19

b-lymphocytes (b-cells)

Question 20

attach to antigens and immobilize them until another cell destroys the antigen

Answer 20

antibodies

Question 21

monocytes that migrated from the bloodstream into other tissues
- function: phagocytize (“eat up”) foreign substances; may present antigens to other cells

Answer 21

macrophages

Question 22

internalize antigens and present them to lymphocytes

Answer 22

dendritic cells

Question 23

• consist of connective tissue containing lots of lymphoid cells
• not surrounded by a connective tissue capsule
• ex: lymphoid nodules

Answer 23

lymphoid structures

Question 24

• “clumps” of lymphoid cells within other organs
• ex: MALT
• the cells here “destroy” bacteria before they breach the intestinal wall and also generate “memory” cells

Answer 24

lymphoid nodules

Question 25

collections of lymphoid nodules in GI, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts

Answer 25

MALT (mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue)

Question 26

lymphatic structures surrounded by a connective tissue capsule - ex: lymph nodes, thymus, spleen

Answer 26

lymphoid organs

Question 27

- tiny oval organs - hundreds - found in clusters - they connect with lymphatic vessels

Answer 27

lymph nodes

Question 28

- filter lymph - macrophages eat up foreign matter - activate immune system if antigens are found in lymph - antigens stimulate T- and B - cells into action

Answer 28

functions of lymph nodes

Question 29

behind the sternum - function: t-cells mature and differentiate here - immature t-lymphocytes are sent from bone marrow into here - it secretes hormones to help the t-lymphocytes develop - there, the t-lymphocytes decide "what they want to do when they grow up"

Answer 29

thymus

Question 30

- largest lymphoid organ in the body - located in upper left abdomen, behind and lateral to stomach - two parts: red and white pulp

Answer 30

spleen

Question 31

- splenic sinusoids (large capillaries) and splenic cords - contain erythrocytes, platelets, and macrophages

Answer 31

red pulp

Question 32

removal of old erythrocytes and platelets - macrophages break down the old cells, and take the reusable parts for recycling (e.g., "heme" part)

Answer 32

red pulp function

Question 33

- surround arterial branches - lymphocytes (b and t cells)

Answer 33

white pulp

Question 34

carry out an immune response when antigens are found in blood

Answer 34

white pulp function