key definitions Flashcards
1
Q
conjunctiva
A
secretes mucus as a lubricant for eye/eyelids
2
Q
lacrimal gland
A
produces and secretes tears
3
Q
nasolacrimal duct
A
drains tears into nasal cavity
4
Q
medial rectus
A
moves eye medially (adducts)
5
Q
lateral rectus
A
moves eye laterally (abducts)
6
Q
superior rectus
A
elevates eye and moves eye medially
7
Q
inferior rectus
A
depresses eye and moves eye medially
8
Q
superior oblique
A
depresses eye and moves eye laterally
9
Q
inferior oblique
A
elevates eye and moves eye laterally
10
Q
lens
A
changes shape (flat or round) to focus light rays
11
Q
sclera
A
provides shape to eyeball and protects inner parts
12
Q
cornea
A
admits and refracts (bends) light
13
Q
choroid
A
contains blood vessels that help nourish the retina
14
Q
ciliary body
A
- as the smooth muscle contracts, the suspensory ligaments relax to make the lens more round
- produces aqueous humor
15
Q
pupil
A
regulates the amount of light entering the eye (by dilating/constricting)
16
Q
pigmented layer
A
- absorbs excess light to prevent reflection/glare
- provides vitamin a to photoreceptors
17
Q
neural layer
A
its photoreceptors receive light information and convert it to nerve impulses that are sent via the optic nerve (CN II) to the brain
18
Q
rods
A
low (reduced) light, black and white (more than cones)
19
Q
cones
A
require more light, color
20
Q
optic disc
A
area where the optic nerve exits the eye
21
Q
fovea centralis
A
sharpest vision (only cones)
22
Q
nearsightedness
A
light focused in front of retina
23
Q
farsightedness
A
light focused behind the retina
24
Q
detached retina
A
fluid collects between the pigmented layer and neural layer
25
aqueous humor
supplies nutrients, removes wastes for lens and cornea, and is continually produced and replaced
26
vitreous humor
helps maintain the shape of the eye and keeps the retina against the choroid; it is not continually produced
27
equilibrium
detecting position of head and coordinating movement
28
hearing
detecting sound waves and converting them into nerve impulses
29
auricle
collects sound waves and directs them into the auditory canal
30
external acoustic meatus
directs sound waves to the tympanic membrane
31
tympanic membrane
moves/vibrates the auditory ossicles
32
oval window
where sound waves are transmitted to the inner ear
33
auditory ossicles
transmit and amplify vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear
34
auditory (eustachian) tube
equalize pressure in the middle ear
35
endolymph
helps conduct sound vibrations, and indirectly helps with detecting changes in position/balance
36
cochlear duct
responsible for hearing via the cochlear branch of CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)
37
utricle, saccule, and semicircular ducts
interpret equilibrium (balance) and transmit this information via the vestibular branch of CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)
38
maculae
contain the specialized receptors in the utricle and saccule that detect static equilibrium and linear acceleration
39
otoliths ("ear stones")
in a gel move and deflect hair cells and the vestibular branch of CN VIII sends signals to the brain
40
semicircular ducts
contain specialized receptors located in the ampullae that detect rotational movement of the head
41
olfactory (CN I)
smell
42
optic (CN II)
sight
43
vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)
balance and hearing
44
oculomotor (CN III)
- somatic (voluntary) motor to superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, and inferior oblique
- autonomic (involuntary) motor to pupil/lens
- constrict pupil
- accomodation
45
trochlear (CN IV)
innervates superior oblique
46
abducens (CN VI)
innervates lateral rectus
47
accessory (CN XI)
innervates trapezius and sternocleidomastoid
48
hypoglossal (CN XII)
innervates intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles
49
trigeminal (CN V)
opthalmic (VI) - sensory to upper face
maxillary (V2) - sensory to mid face
mandibular (V3) - mixed
- sensory to lower face (including anterior tongue)
- motor to muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoids)
50
facial (CN VII)
- muscles of facial expression
- secretomotor to all glands of heald except parotid (autonomic)
- sublingual and submandibular salivary glands,
lacrimal glands
- taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue
51
glossopharyngeal (CN IX)
- sensory to throat (pharynx)
- motor to stylopharyngeus muscle
- secretomotor to parotid gland (autonomic)
- carotid receptors (detect oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in blood)
- taste and general sensation to posterior 1/3 of tongue
52
vagus (CN X)
- motor to pharynx and larynx
- sensory from larynx
- innervates many of the thoracic and abdominal organs (autonomic)
53
anterior root
axons from motor neurons
54
posterior root
axons from sensory neurons
55
posterior root ganglion
cell bodies of sensory neurons
56
posterior primary ramus
innervates deep back muscles and skin of back
57
anterior primary ramus
innervates everything else from the neck inferiorly
- also forms nerve plexuses
58
cervical plexus sensory
skin of neck, ear, and shoulders
59
cervical plexus motor
anterior neck muscles
60
phrenic nerve
supplies the diaphragm
61
brachial plexus
primarily innervates the upper limb
62
musculocutaneous nerve sensory
lateral forearm
63
musculocutaneous nerve motor
most muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm
- coracobrachialis
- biceps brachii
- brachialis
64
axillary nerve sensory
lateral shoulder
65
axillary nerve motor
- deltoid
- teres minor
66
radial nerve sensory
posterior arm, forearm, hand
67
radial nerve motor
muscles of posterior arm, posterior forearm
68
median nerve sensory
lateral palm of hand
69
median nerve motor
- most anterior forearm muscles
- hand: thenar muscles, lumbricals going to fingers 2 and 3
70
ulnar nerve sensory
medial hand
71
ulnar nerve motor
- anterior forearm: just medial 1/2 of flexor digitorum profundus and flexor carpi ulnaris
- hand: hypothenar muscles, lumbricals to fingers 4 and 5, interossei
72
lumbar plexus
innervates inferior abdominal wall and part of lower limb
73
femoral nerve sensory
anterior and inferomedial thigh, medial leg, medial foot
74
femoral nerve motor
anterior thigh muscles
75
obturator nerve sensory
medial thigh
76
obturator nerve motor
medial thigh muscles
77
sacral plexus
innervates the buttocks, pelvic structures, and majority of lower limb
78
tibial nerve sensory
posterior leg/sole of foot
79
tibial nerve motor
- most posterior thigh muscles (hamstrings)
- posterior leg muscles
- muscles on sole of foot
80
common fibular nerve sensory
anterior and lateral leg and dorsum of foot
81
common fibular nerve motor
- anterior leg muscles
- lateral leg muscles
- muscles on dorsum of foot
82
somatic nervous system
receives sensory information and innervates skeletal muscle
83
autonomic nervous system
innervates the viscera (organs)
84
blood
transportation, regulation, and protection
85
erythrocytes
transport oxygen (to cells) and carbon dioxide (away from cells)
86
leukocytes
help the body fight against disease; some role in the immune response
87
neutrophils
phagocytize pathogens, especially bacteria
88
t-lymphocytes
coordinate immune activity
89
b-lymphocytes
produce antibodies
90
natural killer (NK) cells
attack pathogens and abnormal/infected cells
91
monocytes
phagocytize pathogens, cellular debris, dead cells
92
eosinophils
- phagocytize allergens
- destroy parasitic worms
93
basophils
release histamine (vasodilator) and heparin (anticoagulant) during inflammatory or allergic reactions
94
platelets
assist with blood clotting
95
fibrous pericardium
prevents heart from overfilling, restricts heart movements
96
chordae tendineae
prevent the flaps from being everted into the atrium
97
sinoatrial node
responsible for initiating the heartbeat
98
purkinje fibers
specialized conduction muscle cells
99
arteries
take blood away from the heart to other tissues (blood high in oxygen)
100
veins
take blood back to the heart (blood low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide)
101
capillaries
where gas and nutrient exchange occurs
102
venules
collect blood from capillaries
103
valves
prevent backflow
104
skeletal muscle pumps
help blood be pushed in veins toward heart
105
lymphatic system
- return interstitial fluid to bloodstream
- initiate an immune response when necessary
- transport dietary lipids
106
lacteals
carry interstitial fluid anad dietary lipids (fats and some vitamins)
107
innate immunity
the defense mechanisms present at birth; non-specific/rapid response
108
adaptive immunity
those defense mechanisms which are developed in response to contact with antigens; specific; slower response, memory
109
antigen
anything perceived as foreign in the body
110
macrophages
phagocytize ("eat up") foreign substances; may present antigens to other cells
111
dendritic cells
internalize antigens and present them to lymphocytes
112
lymphoid nodules
the cells here "destroy" bacteria before they breach the intestinal wall and also generate "memory" cells
113
lymphoid nodules
the cells here "destroy" bacteria before they breach the intestinal wall and also generate "memory" cells
114
lymph nodes
- filter lymph
- activate immune system if antigens are found in lymph
115
thymus
t-cells mature and differentiate here
116
red pulp
removes old erythrocytes and platelets
- macrophages break down the old cells and take the reusable parts for recycling
117
white pulp
carry out an immune response when antigens are found in blood
118
conducting portion
conducts and transfers air; no gas exchange
119
respiratory portion
gas exchange (respiration) occurs here
120
respiratory system
- respiration/gas exchange
- filters inspired air
- warms and humidifies inspired air
- phonation
- olfaction
121
nasal cavity
- warming and humidifying air
- filtering air
- olfaction
122
nasal bones
increase air turbulence in the nasal cavity
123
paranasal sinuses
help warm and humidify the air
- hollow chambers provide a resonance (deepness) to the voice
- helps lighten the skull
124
tonsils
attack/destroy antigens before they get too far
125
larynx
- transports air to trachea/bronchi and lungs
- phonation (sound/speech production)
126
epiglottis
closes off the larynx during swallowing so materials don't accidentally enter the larynx
