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A215 - block three > key definitions > Flashcards

key definitions Flashcards

1
Q

conjunctiva

A

secretes mucus as a lubricant for eye/eyelids

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2
Q

lacrimal gland

A

produces and secretes tears

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3
Q

nasolacrimal duct

A

drains tears into nasal cavity

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4
Q

medial rectus

A

moves eye medially (adducts)

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5
Q

lateral rectus

A

moves eye laterally (abducts)

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6
Q

superior rectus

A

elevates eye and moves eye medially

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7
Q

inferior rectus

A

depresses eye and moves eye medially

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8
Q

superior oblique

A

depresses eye and moves eye laterally

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9
Q

inferior oblique

A

elevates eye and moves eye laterally

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10
Q

lens

A

changes shape (flat or round) to focus light rays

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11
Q

sclera

A

provides shape to eyeball and protects inner parts

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12
Q

cornea

A

admits and refracts (bends) light

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13
Q

choroid

A

contains blood vessels that help nourish the retina

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14
Q

ciliary body

A
  • as the smooth muscle contracts, the suspensory ligaments relax to make the lens more round
  • produces aqueous humor
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15
Q

pupil

A

regulates the amount of light entering the eye (by dilating/constricting)

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16
Q

pigmented layer

A
  • absorbs excess light to prevent reflection/glare
  • provides vitamin a to photoreceptors
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17
Q

neural layer

A

its photoreceptors receive light information and convert it to nerve impulses that are sent via the optic nerve (CN II) to the brain

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18
Q

rods

A

low (reduced) light, black and white (more than cones)

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19
Q

cones

A

require more light, color

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20
Q

optic disc

A

area where the optic nerve exits the eye

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21
Q

fovea centralis

A

sharpest vision (only cones)

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22
Q

nearsightedness

A

light focused in front of retina

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23
Q

farsightedness

A

light focused behind the retina

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24
Q

detached retina

A

fluid collects between the pigmented layer and neural layer

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25
Q

aqueous humor

A

supplies nutrients, removes wastes for lens and cornea, and is continually produced and replaced

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26
Q

vitreous humor

A

helps maintain the shape of the eye and keeps the retina against the choroid; it is not continually produced

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27
Q

equilibrium

A

detecting position of head and coordinating movement

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28
Q

hearing

A

detecting sound waves and converting them into nerve impulses

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29
Q

auricle

A

collects sound waves and directs them into the auditory canal

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30
Q

external acoustic meatus

A

directs sound waves to the tympanic membrane

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31
Q

tympanic membrane

A

moves/vibrates the auditory ossicles

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32
Q

oval window

A

where sound waves are transmitted to the inner ear

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33
Q

auditory ossicles

A

transmit and amplify vibrations from the eardrum to the inner ear

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34
Q

auditory (eustachian) tube

A

equalize pressure in the middle ear

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35
Q

endolymph

A

helps conduct sound vibrations, and indirectly helps with detecting changes in position/balance

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36
Q

cochlear duct

A

responsible for hearing via the cochlear branch of CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)

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37
Q

utricle, saccule, and semicircular ducts

A

interpret equilibrium (balance) and transmit this information via the vestibular branch of CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve)

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38
Q

maculae

A

contain the specialized receptors in the utricle and saccule that detect static equilibrium and linear acceleration

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39
Q

otoliths (“ear stones”)

A

in a gel move and deflect hair cells and the vestibular branch of CN VIII sends signals to the brain

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40
Q

semicircular ducts

A

contain specialized receptors located in the ampullae that detect rotational movement of the head

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41
Q

olfactory (CN I)

A

smell

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42
Q

optic (CN II)

A

sight

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43
Q

vestibulocochlear (CN VIII)

A

balance and hearing

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44
Q

oculomotor (CN III)

A
  • somatic (voluntary) motor to superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus, and inferior oblique
  • autonomic (involuntary) motor to pupil/lens
    • constrict pupil
    • accomodation
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45
Q

trochlear (CN IV)

A

innervates superior oblique

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46
Q

abducens (CN VI)

A

innervates lateral rectus

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47
Q

accessory (CN XI)

A

innervates trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

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48
Q

hypoglossal (CN XII)

A

innervates intrinsic and extrinsic tongue muscles

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49
Q

trigeminal (CN V)

A

opthalmic (VI) - sensory to upper face
maxillary (V2) - sensory to mid face
mandibular (V3) - mixed
- sensory to lower face (including anterior tongue)
- motor to muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, medial and lateral pterygoids)

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50
Q

facial (CN VII)

A
  • muscles of facial expression
  • secretomotor to all glands of heald except parotid (autonomic)
    • sublingual and submandibular salivary glands,
      lacrimal glands
  • taste to anterior 2/3 of tongue
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51
Q

glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

A
  • sensory to throat (pharynx)
  • motor to stylopharyngeus muscle
  • secretomotor to parotid gland (autonomic)
  • carotid receptors (detect oxygen and carbon dioxide levels in blood)
  • taste and general sensation to posterior 1/3 of tongue
52
Q

vagus (CN X)

A
  • motor to pharynx and larynx
  • sensory from larynx
  • innervates many of the thoracic and abdominal organs (autonomic)
53
Q

anterior root

A

axons from motor neurons

54
Q

posterior root

A

axons from sensory neurons

55
Q

posterior root ganglion

A

cell bodies of sensory neurons

56
Q

posterior primary ramus

A

innervates deep back muscles and skin of back

57
Q

anterior primary ramus

A

innervates everything else from the neck inferiorly
- also forms nerve plexuses

58
Q

cervical plexus sensory

A

skin of neck, ear, and shoulders

59
Q

cervical plexus motor

A

anterior neck muscles

60
Q

phrenic nerve

A

supplies the diaphragm

61
Q

brachial plexus

A

primarily innervates the upper limb

62
Q

musculocutaneous nerve sensory

A

lateral forearm

63
Q

musculocutaneous nerve motor

A

most muscles of the anterior compartment of the arm
- coracobrachialis
- biceps brachii
- brachialis

64
Q

axillary nerve sensory

A

lateral shoulder

65
Q

axillary nerve motor

A
  • deltoid
  • teres minor
66
Q

radial nerve sensory

A

posterior arm, forearm, hand

67
Q

radial nerve motor

A

muscles of posterior arm, posterior forearm

68
Q

median nerve sensory

A

lateral palm of hand

69
Q

median nerve motor

A
  • most anterior forearm muscles
  • hand: thenar muscles, lumbricals going to fingers 2 and 3
70
Q

ulnar nerve sensory

A

medial hand

71
Q

ulnar nerve motor

A
  • anterior forearm: just medial 1/2 of flexor digitorum profundus and flexor carpi ulnaris
  • hand: hypothenar muscles, lumbricals to fingers 4 and 5, interossei
72
Q

lumbar plexus

A

innervates inferior abdominal wall and part of lower limb

73
Q

femoral nerve sensory

A

anterior and inferomedial thigh, medial leg, medial foot

74
Q

femoral nerve motor

A

anterior thigh muscles

75
Q

obturator nerve sensory

A

medial thigh

76
Q

obturator nerve motor

A

medial thigh muscles

77
Q

sacral plexus

A

innervates the buttocks, pelvic structures, and majority of lower limb

78
Q

tibial nerve sensory

A

posterior leg/sole of foot

79
Q

tibial nerve motor

A
  • most posterior thigh muscles (hamstrings)
  • posterior leg muscles
  • muscles on sole of foot
80
Q

common fibular nerve sensory

A

anterior and lateral leg and dorsum of foot

81
Q

common fibular nerve motor

A
  • anterior leg muscles
  • lateral leg muscles
  • muscles on dorsum of foot
82
Q

somatic nervous system

A

receives sensory information and innervates skeletal muscle

83
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

innervates the viscera (organs)

84
Q

blood

A

transportation, regulation, and protection

85
Q

erythrocytes

A

transport oxygen (to cells) and carbon dioxide (away from cells)

86
Q

leukocytes

A

help the body fight against disease; some role in the immune response

87
Q

neutrophils

A

phagocytize pathogens, especially bacteria

88
Q

t-lymphocytes

A

coordinate immune activity

89
Q

b-lymphocytes

A

produce antibodies

90
Q

natural killer (NK) cells

A

attack pathogens and abnormal/infected cells

91
Q

monocytes

A

phagocytize pathogens, cellular debris, dead cells

92
Q

eosinophils

A
  • phagocytize allergens
  • destroy parasitic worms
93
Q

basophils

A

release histamine (vasodilator) and heparin (anticoagulant) during inflammatory or allergic reactions

94
Q

platelets

A

assist with blood clotting

95
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

prevents heart from overfilling, restricts heart movements

96
Q

chordae tendineae

A

prevent the flaps from being everted into the atrium

97
Q

sinoatrial node

A

responsible for initiating the heartbeat

98
Q

purkinje fibers

A

specialized conduction muscle cells

99
Q

arteries

A

take blood away from the heart to other tissues (blood high in oxygen)

100
Q

veins

A

take blood back to the heart (blood low in oxygen and high in carbon dioxide)

101
Q

capillaries

A

where gas and nutrient exchange occurs

102
Q

venules

A

collect blood from capillaries

103
Q

valves

A

prevent backflow

104
Q

skeletal muscle pumps

A

help blood be pushed in veins toward heart

105
Q

lymphatic system

A
  • return interstitial fluid to bloodstream
  • initiate an immune response when necessary
  • transport dietary lipids
106
Q

lacteals

A

carry interstitial fluid anad dietary lipids (fats and some vitamins)

107
Q

innate immunity

A

the defense mechanisms present at birth; non-specific/rapid response

108
Q

adaptive immunity

A

those defense mechanisms which are developed in response to contact with antigens; specific; slower response, memory

109
Q

antigen

A

anything perceived as foreign in the body

110
Q

macrophages

A

phagocytize (“eat up”) foreign substances; may present antigens to other cells

111
Q

dendritic cells

A

internalize antigens and present them to lymphocytes

112
Q

lymphoid nodules

A

the cells here “destroy” bacteria before they breach the intestinal wall and also generate “memory” cells

113
Q

lymphoid nodules

A

the cells here “destroy” bacteria before they breach the intestinal wall and also generate “memory” cells

114
Q

lymph nodes

A
  • filter lymph
  • activate immune system if antigens are found in lymph
115
Q

thymus

A

t-cells mature and differentiate here

116
Q

red pulp

A

removes old erythrocytes and platelets
- macrophages break down the old cells and take the reusable parts for recycling

117
Q

white pulp

A

carry out an immune response when antigens are found in blood

118
Q

conducting portion

A

conducts and transfers air; no gas exchange

119
Q

respiratory portion

A

gas exchange (respiration) occurs here

120
Q

respiratory system

A
  • respiration/gas exchange
  • filters inspired air
  • warms and humidifies inspired air
  • phonation
  • olfaction
121
Q

nasal cavity

A
  • warming and humidifying air
  • filtering air
  • olfaction
122
Q

nasal bones

A

increase air turbulence in the nasal cavity

123
Q

paranasal sinuses

A

help warm and humidify the air
- hollow chambers provide a resonance (deepness) to the voice
- helps lighten the skull

124
Q

tonsils

A

attack/destroy antigens before they get too far

125
Q

larynx

A
  • transports air to trachea/bronchi and lungs
  • phonation (sound/speech production)
126
Q

epiglottis

A

closes off the larynx during swallowing so materials don’t accidentally enter the larynx

A215 - block three (11 decks)

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