Lymphatic And Digestic Flashcards
are small structures that are oval to bean- shaped found along the length of lymphatics, that work as filters for harmful substances. They contain immune cells that can help fight infection by attacking and destroying germs that are carried in through the lymph fluid- aka lymph glands
Lymph nodes
WHERE ARE THE THREE REGIONS OF LYMPH NODE AGGREGATION IN THE
BODY?
• Neck
• Groin
• Axillary
WHAT ARE AFFERENT LYMPHATIC VESSELS?
Lymphatic vessels that enter the lymph node at various sites
WHAT ARE LYMPHATIC SINUSES?
• Spaces between the lymphatic nodules of lymphatic tissue.
• They contain a network of fibers and the macrophage cells
WHAT DO EFFERENT VESSELS UNITE TO FORM?
‘Lymphatic Trunks
WHAT DOES THE LUMBAR TRUNK DO?
Drains lymph from the lower extremities, the walls and viscera of the pelvis, the kidneys and adrenal glands, and most of the abdominal wall
WHAT DOES THE JUGULAR TRUNK DO?
Drains the head and neck
WHAT DOES THE THORACIC TRUNK DO?
Drains the thorax, lungs, heart, diaphragm, and the rest of the liver
WHERE DOES THE THORACIC DUCT EMPTY ALL OF ITS LYMPH INTO?
The left subclavian vein and the right lymphatic duct empties all of its lymph into the right subclavian vein, so the journey of the lymph is now completed.
DESCRIBE THE THYMUS GLAND.
Is a bilobed mass of tissue located in the mediastinum along the trachea behind the sternum
WHERE IS THE BULK OF OUR LYMPHOID TISSUE LOCATED?
• Appendix
WHERE ARE ANTIBODIES PRODUCED?
Immune System
is found in exocrine gland secretions, nasal fluid, tears, gastric and intestinal juice, bile, breast milk, and urine
A. IMMUNOGLOBULIN A
is found on the surface of B lymphocytes and is important in B cell activation
IMMUNOGLOBULIN D
is found in tissue fluids and plasma. It attacks viruses, bacteria, and toxins. It also activates complement, a set of enzymes that attack foreign antigens
IMMUNOGLOBULIN G
is found in exocrine gland secretions and is associated with allergic reactions, attacking allergy- causing antigens.
IMMUNOGLOBULIN E
develops in blood plasma as a response to bacteria or antigens in food
IMMUNOGLOBULIN M
WHAT IS THE JOB OF KILLER T CELLS?
kills virus- invaded body cells and cancerous body cells. They are also involved in graft rejections.
WHAT IS INTERLEUKIN-2 RESPONSIBLE FOR?
stimulates proliferation of T and B cells
WHERE DO EFFERENT LYMPHATICS EXIT THE LYMPH NODE?
At the hilum, a slight depression on one side. Blood vessels and nerves also exit and enter at the hilum
EFFERENT LYMPHATICS UNITE TO FORM HOW MANY LYMPHATIC TRUNKS?
6
WHAT DO T-CELLS BIND TO?
Helper T cells bind with specific antigens presented by macrophages
WHAT ARE PEYER’S PATCHES?
• Also known as aggregated lymphatic follicles.
• They’re found in the wall of the small intestine. They resemble tonsils. Their macrophages destroy bacteria. Bacteria are always present in large numbers in the intestine, and the macrophages prevent the bacteria from infecting and penetrating the walls of the intestine
WHAT DOES THE BRONCHOMEDIASTINAL TRUNK DRAIN?
• Drains the thorax, lungs, heart, diaphragm, and the rest of the liver
he passage of digested food from the digestive tract into the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems for distribution to the body’s cells
ABSORPTION
he passage of digested food from the digestive tract into the cardiovascular and lymphatic systems for distribution to the body’s cells
PERISTALSIS
he elimination from the body of those substances that are indigestible and cannot be absorbed
DEFECATION
the breakdown of food by both mechanical and chemical mechanisms
DIGESTION
WHAT IS THE GI TRACT?
• AKA- alimentary canal
• It’s a long continuous tube that runs through the ventral cavity of the body and extends from the mouth to the anus. The length of this tube is approximately 30 feet, or 9 meters. Its organs include the mouth or oral cavity, oropharynx, esophagus, stomach, and the small and large intestine. Muscular contraction in the tube break down food physically by churning it; enzymes from cells in the tube’s wall break down food chemically.
WHAT ARE TUNICS?
• arrangement of tissue layers walls of the alimentary canal from the esophagus to the anal canal
WHAT IS THE INNERMOST LAYER OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL?
• tunica mucosa
WHAT IS VITAMIN A NECESSARY FOR?
• Vision, bone growth, and maintenance or epithelial cells
WHAT IS VITAMIN B FOR?
• Muscle and nerve function and functions as a coenzyme in energy metabolism
WHAT IS THE UVULA?
• a conical projection hanging from the posterior border of the soft palate; functions in the swallowing process and prevents food from backing up into the nasal area
WHAT IS UMAMI?
- It detects MSG (monosodium glutamate), a distinct flavor popular in Asian foods
HOW MANY INCISORS ARE THERE?
• 8
• They are the front teeth
WHAT IS THE HARDEST SUBSTANCE IN THE BODY?
• Tooth enamel
WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR SWALLOWING?
• deglutition
collapsible, muscular tube located behind the trachea that transports food to the stomach
Esophagus
• narrow inferior region of the stomach
• Also called the antrum
PYLORUS
secrete hydrochloric acid in the stomach
PARIETAL CELLS
A highly specialized structure developed for synthesis, storage, and secretion of digestive enzymes
ACINI CELLS
eat bacteria and old white and red blood cells; found in the liver
KUPFFER CELLS
It’s function is to store and concentrate bile produced by the liver lobules until it is needed in the small intestine
- WHAT IS THE GALLBLADDER FOR?
WHAT IS THE FIRST PART OF THE SMALL INTESTINE?
• Duodenum
WHAT IS CHYME?
• Chyme is the term used to describe the digested, viscous, semifluid contents of the intestine
WHAT IS THE FIRST PART OF THE LARGE INTESTINE?
- cecum
WHAT DOES THE LIVER DO?
• Processes the blood and break down, balance, and creates the nutrients and also metabolizes drugs into forms that are easier for the rest of the body that are non-toxic
WHAT DO THE CHIEF CELLS SECRETE?
- principal gastric enzyme pepsinogen
