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Anatomy & Physiology > AP Final > Flashcards

AP Final Flashcards

1
Q

GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF SOMETHING IN TERMS OF DIRECTION RELATED TO IT BEING SUPERIOR TO SOMETHING ELSE

A

The head is superior to the neck

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2
Q

THE BRAIN IS IN WHAT CAVITY?

A

The cranial cavity

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3
Q

EPITHELIAL CELLS ARE ANCHORED BY WHAT?

A

They are anchored to each other and to underlying tissues by a specialized membrane called the basement membrane

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4
Q

WHERE ARE CHONDROCYTES FOUND?

A

They are found in cavities called lacunae

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5
Q

CUTICLES, CORTEX, AND MEULLAS ARE PART OF WHAT APPENDAGE?

A

Hair

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6
Q

DESCRIBE OSTEOCYTES

A

Bone cells are called osteocytes, they are embedded in a matrix of calcium and phosphorous, the mineral salts responsible for the hardness of bone

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7
Q

WHAT IS THE LARGE OPENING ON THE OCCIPITAL BONE?

A

Foramen magnum

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8
Q

DESCRIBE SMOOTH MUSCLE

A

Found in hollow structures of the body like the intestines, bladder and blood vessels, cannot be influenced at will

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9
Q

WHAT IS THE OUTERMOST LAYER OF THE EYE?

A

The outermost layer is the sclera

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10
Q

WHAT IS THE INNERMOST LAYER OF THE EYE AND WHAT DOES IT CONTAIN?

A

The innermost layer is the retina. It is gray in color and contains the light sensitive cells known as the rods and cones

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11
Q

DESCRIBE PLAQUE

A

Cholesterol containing masses

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12
Q

DESCRIBE THE RENAL PELVIS

A

a large collecting funnel formed where the major calyces join

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13
Q

DESCRIBE THE URETHRA

A

The tube that leads from the bladder to the outside

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14
Q

DESCRIBE NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

A

Mechanism by which hormonal systems function
It’s controlled by CNS

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15
Q

DESCRIBE HISTAMINE

A

An inflammatory substance produces in response to allergies

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16
Q

WHAT DOES SMOOTH MUSCLE DO?

A

Smooth muscle pushes food through the digestive tract and blood through the circulatory system. Urine is also pushed down the ureters from the kidneys by contraction of smooth muscle

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17
Q

WHAT DO MELANOCYTES DO?

A

produces a pigment melanin inside melanosomes

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18
Q

DESCRIBE SEBUM

A

An oily, waxy substance produced by your body’s sebaceous glands.

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19
Q

DESCRIBE ACETYLCHOLINE

A

A neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions, at synapses in the ganglia of the visceral motor system, and at a variety of sites within the CNS.

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20
Q

DESCRIBE PHOSPHOCREATINE

A

A phosphate ester of creatine found in the vertebrae muscles, which serves to store phosphates to provide energy for muscular contraction.

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21
Q

WHAT ARE THE LAYERS OF THE HEART?

A

Layers of the heart are epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

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22
Q

DEFINE LUMEN

A

A membrane defined space that is found inside several organelles, cellular components, or structures.

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23
Q

WHERE IS THE HEART LOCATED?

A

Located in the front of your chest, it sits slightly behind and to the left of your sternum.

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24
Q

WHAT ARE THE LAYERS OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscular and serous layer or serosa

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25
Q

DESCRIBE THE ESOPHAGUS

A

The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat in the stomach

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26
Q

DESCRIBE THE PYLORUS

A

Is a valve that opens and closes during digestion
Below the eplogottis

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27
Q

DESCRIBE THE VESTIBULES OF THE NOSTRILS

A

They are just inside the nostrils that lead into the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity vestibule is supported by the cartilage of the nose and is lines with tissue that contains short, coarse hairs.

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28
Q

DESCRIBE THE PLEURAL CAVITY

A

The space enclosed by the pleura, which is a thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the interior wall of the chest cavity.

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29
Q

WHAT DOES THE SEPTUM DO?

A

Separates the ventricles and allows for proper blood flow through the heart

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30
Q

DESCRIBE THE RENAL SINUS?

A

The renal sinus is just past the hilum of the kidney and is an internal space filled with loose connective tissue and adipose tissue, along with part of the renal pelvis, the calyces, and branches of blood vessels and nerves.

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31
Q

WHAT IS THE OUTERMOST LAYER OF THE TISSUE SURROUNDING THE KIDNEYS?

A

Renal Fascia

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32
Q

DESCRIBE THE URINARY BLADDER?

A

This triangle-shaped, hollow organ is located in the lower abdomen

33
Q

WHERE IS URINE EXCRETED?

A

Urethra

34
Q

DESCRIBE WHAT NEUROTRANSMITTERS ARE AND WHAT THEY DO

A

• The language of the nervous system through the chemical impulses
• Neurons can exert several different influences
• 50 or more neurotransmitters have been identified
• Most neurons make two or more neurotransmitters
• Usually released at different stimulation frequencies
• Classified by: chemical structure and function

35
Q

DESCRIBE THE PNS

A

peripheral nervous system (PNS), which is subdivided into several smaller units. This second category consists of all the nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord with sensory receptors, muscles, and glands

36
Q

DESCRIBE ADH

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, maintains the body’s water balance by promoting increased water reabsorption in the tubules of the nephrons of kidneys, resulting in less water in the urine.

37
Q

DESCRIBE GLUCAGON

A

• a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels

38
Q

DESCRIBE CALCIUM

A

Calcium (Ca+) is necessary for muscle contraction and nervous transmission as well as building strong bones

39
Q

WHAT DOES THE BUNDLE OF HIS DO?

A

distributes the electrical charge over the medial surfaces of the ventricles.

40
Q

DESCRIBE WHAT AN INFARCT IS

A

an area of damaged cardiac tissue

41
Q

DEFINE CELLS

A

All living material is composed of cells, the smallest units of life. Cells are organized into tissues

42
Q

DESCRIBE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

controls and integrates all other body systems.

43
Q

DESCRIBE TRANSCRIPTION

A

This process is called transcription and occurs with the assistance of an enzyme called RNA polymerase

44
Q

WHAT ANCHORS CELLS?

A

Basement Membrane

45
Q

DESCRIBE THE REGENERATIVE LAYER OF SKIN

A

The innermost layer and the most important is the stratum germinativum or the regenerative layer, also called the stratum basale.

46
Q

DESCRIBE SWEAT GLANDS

A

are simple tubular glands found in most parts of the body. They are not found on the margins of the lips or the head of the penis.

47
Q

WHAT MUSCLES FLEX THE FOREARM AT THE ELBOW

A

The three flexors are brachialis, biceps, and brachioradialis

48
Q

WHY ARE SKELETAL MUSCLES CALLED FIBERS?

A

because of their highly elongated shape.

49
Q

DESCRIBE WHAT A TRACT IS

A

A tract is a bundle of fibers inside the CNS

50
Q

DESCRIBE CSF

A

• CSF: cerebrospinal fluid
• It acts as a shock absorber for the central nervous system and circulates nutrients. In the brain, it circulates in the subarachnoid space and the four ventricles.

51
Q

GIVE EXAMPLES OF PROTEIN HORMONES

A

• insulin from the pancreatic islets
• gonad-stimulating hormones
• growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland

52
Q

WHAT ARE PLATELETS?

A

• Megakaryocytes produce thrombocytes or platelets
• They help form blood clots to slow or stop bleeding

53
Q

WHAT ARE BASOPHILS AND WHAT IS THEIR FUNCTION?

A

• WBC’s that release heparin, histamine, and serotonin during an allergic reaction

54
Q

WHAT IS AN ARRHYTHMIA?

A

• an irregular heartbeat

55
Q

DESCRIBE IGG

A

• IgG: Immunoglobulin G
• Type of antibody found in tissue fluids and plasma

56
Q

DESCRIBE IGD

A

• IgD: Immunoglobulin D
• Type of antibody found on the surface of B lymphocytes

57
Q

DESCRIBE IGE

A

• IgE: Immunoglobulin E
• Type of antibody found in exocrine gland secretions that is associated with allergic reactions

58
Q

DESCRIBE MACROPHAGES

A

• Engulf and digest antigens; monocytes

59
Q

DESCRIBE B1

A

• Vitamin B1 is also known as thiamine
• It’s necessary for muscle and nerve function and functions as a coenzyme in energy metabolism.

60
Q

WHAT DO ACINI CELLS DO?

A

• The pancreas has a dual role in that it is part of the digestive system where its cells, called acini, produce digestive enzymes known as pancreatic juice, and it is part of the endocrine system where its pancreatic islets, also known as the islets of Langerhans, produce the hormones insulin and glucagon.

61
Q

DESCRIBE THE SUPERIOR VENA CAVA

A

• Brings blood from the upper parts of the body, head, neck, and arms

62
Q

DESCRIBE CAPILLARIES

A

• Microscopic blood vessels where exchange of nutrients and oxygen and waste and carbon dioxide gas occurs between blood and tissue cells

63
Q

WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR THE BICUSPID VALVE?

A

• Mitral valve

64
Q

DESCRIBE THE REGIONS OF LYMPH NODE AGGREGATIONS

A

• There are 3 superficial regions on each side of the body where lymph nodes tend to cluster.
• Inguinal nodes in the groin, the axillary nodes in the armpit, and the cervical nodes in the neck

65
Q

DESCRIBE PEYERS PATCHES

A

• Group of well-organized lymphoid follicles located in the lamina propria and submucosa of the distal portion of the small intestine
• Keep the intestinal flora at appropriate levels and the pathogens at bay, thereby preventing a large number of infections

66
Q

WHAT DOES THE BRONCHOMEDIASTINAL TRUNK DRAIN?

A

• Lymph fluid from the lungs, heart, trachea, mediastinal and mammary glands

67
Q

DESCRIBE ENAMEL

A

• Protects teeth from wear and acids, found on the crown of a tooth

68
Q

DESCRIBE KUPFFER CELLS

A

• Eat bacteria and old white and red blood cells
• Found in the liver

69
Q

DESCRIBE THE PARTS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE

A

• Place where absorption and digestion occur

70
Q

WHAT DOES THE LARYNX CONNECT TO?

A

• Larynx: voice box
• It connects the throat to the windpipe (trachea)

71
Q

DESCRIBE THE ALVEOLI

A

• Milk-secreting cells
• Cup-shaped outpourings lined with epithelium in the lungs

72
Q

DESCRIBE TRUNKS IN RELATION TO THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

A

• The main draining vessels of the lymphatic system

73
Q

WHAT ARE THE THREE UNPAIRED PIECES OF CARTILAGE IN THE LARYNX?

A

• Epiglottis, thyroid, and cricoid

74
Q

DESCRIBE EXTERNAL RESPIRATION

A

• AKA: breathing
• Involves both bringing air into the lungs (inhalation) and releasing air into the atmosphere (exhalation)

75
Q

WHERE IS SURFACTANT SECRETED?

A

• Alveoli

76
Q

DESCRIBE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE RESPIRATORY AND CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS

A

• The human cardiovascular system (CVS) and respiratory system (RS) work together in order to supply (O2) and other substrates needed for metabolism and to remove carbon dioxide (CO2)

77
Q

WHAT DO THE KIDNEYS DO?

A

• Their main job is to cleanse the blood of toxins and transform the waste into urine

78
Q

DESCRIBE A NEPHRON

A

• The basic structural and functional unit of the kidney

79
Q

DESCRIBE THE URETERS

A

• Transport urine from the renal pelvis into the urinary bladder

Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

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