Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy & Physiology > AP Final > Flashcards

AP Final Flashcards

1
Q

GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF SOMETHING IN TERMS OF DIRECTION RELATED TO IT BEING SUPERIOR TO SOMETHING ELSE

A

The head is superior to the neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

THE BRAIN IS IN WHAT CAVITY?

A

The cranial cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

EPITHELIAL CELLS ARE ANCHORED BY WHAT?

A

They are anchored to each other and to underlying tissues by a specialized membrane called the basement membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

WHERE ARE CHONDROCYTES FOUND?

A

They are found in cavities called lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

CUTICLES, CORTEX, AND MEULLAS ARE PART OF WHAT APPENDAGE?

A

Hair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

DESCRIBE OSTEOCYTES

A

Bone cells are called osteocytes, they are embedded in a matrix of calcium and phosphorous, the mineral salts responsible for the hardness of bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

WHAT IS THE LARGE OPENING ON THE OCCIPITAL BONE?

A

Foramen magnum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

DESCRIBE SMOOTH MUSCLE

A

Found in hollow structures of the body like the intestines, bladder and blood vessels, cannot be influenced at will

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

WHAT IS THE OUTERMOST LAYER OF THE EYE?

A

The outermost layer is the sclera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

WHAT IS THE INNERMOST LAYER OF THE EYE AND WHAT DOES IT CONTAIN?

A

The innermost layer is the retina. It is gray in color and contains the light sensitive cells known as the rods and cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

DESCRIBE PLAQUE

A

Cholesterol containing masses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

DESCRIBE THE RENAL PELVIS

A

a large collecting funnel formed where the major calyces join

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

DESCRIBE THE URETHRA

A

The tube that leads from the bladder to the outside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

DESCRIBE NEGATIVE FEEDBACK

A

Mechanism by which hormonal systems function
It’s controlled by CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

DESCRIBE HISTAMINE

A

An inflammatory substance produces in response to allergies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

WHAT DOES SMOOTH MUSCLE DO?

A

Smooth muscle pushes food through the digestive tract and blood through the circulatory system. Urine is also pushed down the ureters from the kidneys by contraction of smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

WHAT DO MELANOCYTES DO?

A

produces a pigment melanin inside melanosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

DESCRIBE SEBUM

A

An oily, waxy substance produced by your body’s sebaceous glands.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

DESCRIBE ACETYLCHOLINE

A

A neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions, at synapses in the ganglia of the visceral motor system, and at a variety of sites within the CNS.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

DESCRIBE PHOSPHOCREATINE

A

A phosphate ester of creatine found in the vertebrae muscles, which serves to store phosphates to provide energy for muscular contraction.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

WHAT ARE THE LAYERS OF THE HEART?

A

Layers of the heart are epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

DEFINE LUMEN

A

A membrane defined space that is found inside several organelles, cellular components, or structures.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

WHERE IS THE HEART LOCATED?

A

Located in the front of your chest, it sits slightly behind and to the left of your sternum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

WHAT ARE THE LAYERS OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscular and serous layer or serosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
DESCRIBE THE ESOPHAGUS
The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat in the stomach
26
DESCRIBE THE PYLORUS
Is a valve that opens and closes during digestion Below the eplogottis
27
DESCRIBE THE VESTIBULES OF THE NOSTRILS
They are just inside the nostrils that lead into the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity vestibule is supported by the cartilage of the nose and is lines with tissue that contains short, coarse hairs.
28
DESCRIBE THE PLEURAL CAVITY
The space enclosed by the pleura, which is a thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the interior wall of the chest cavity.
29
WHAT DOES THE SEPTUM DO?
Separates the ventricles and allows for proper blood flow through the heart
30
DESCRIBE THE RENAL SINUS?
The renal sinus is just past the hilum of the kidney and is an internal space filled with loose connective tissue and adipose tissue, along with part of the renal pelvis, the calyces, and branches of blood vessels and nerves.
31
WHAT IS THE OUTERMOST LAYER OF THE TISSUE SURROUNDING THE KIDNEYS?
Renal Fascia
32
DESCRIBE THE URINARY BLADDER?
This triangle-shaped, hollow organ is located in the lower abdomen
33
WHERE IS URINE EXCRETED?
Urethra
34
DESCRIBE WHAT NEUROTRANSMITTERS ARE AND WHAT THEY DO
• The language of the nervous system through the chemical impulses • Neurons can exert several different influences • 50 or more neurotransmitters have been identified • Most neurons make two or more neurotransmitters • Usually released at different stimulation frequencies • Classified by: chemical structure and function
35
DESCRIBE THE PNS
peripheral nervous system (PNS), which is subdivided into several smaller units. This second category consists of all the nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord with sensory receptors, muscles, and glands
36
DESCRIBE ADH
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, maintains the body’s water balance by promoting increased water reabsorption in the tubules of the nephrons of kidneys, resulting in less water in the urine.
37
DESCRIBE GLUCAGON
• a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels
38
DESCRIBE CALCIUM
Calcium (Ca+) is necessary for muscle contraction and nervous transmission as well as building strong bones
39
WHAT DOES THE BUNDLE OF HIS DO?
distributes the electrical charge over the medial surfaces of the ventricles.
40
DESCRIBE WHAT AN INFARCT IS
an area of damaged cardiac tissue
41
DEFINE CELLS
All living material is composed of cells, the smallest units of life. Cells are organized into tissues
42
DESCRIBE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
controls and integrates all other body systems.
43
DESCRIBE TRANSCRIPTION
This process is called transcription and occurs with the assistance of an enzyme called RNA polymerase
44
WHAT ANCHORS CELLS?
Basement Membrane
45
DESCRIBE THE REGENERATIVE LAYER OF SKIN
The innermost layer and the most important is the stratum germinativum or the regenerative layer, also called the stratum basale.
46
DESCRIBE SWEAT GLANDS
are simple tubular glands found in most parts of the body. They are not found on the margins of the lips or the head of the penis.
47
WHAT MUSCLES FLEX THE FOREARM AT THE ELBOW
The three flexors are brachialis, biceps, and brachioradialis
48
WHY ARE SKELETAL MUSCLES CALLED FIBERS?
because of their highly elongated shape.
49
DESCRIBE WHAT A TRACT IS
A tract is a bundle of fibers inside the CNS
50
DESCRIBE CSF
• CSF: cerebrospinal fluid • It acts as a shock absorber for the central nervous system and circulates nutrients. In the brain, it circulates in the subarachnoid space and the four ventricles.
51
GIVE EXAMPLES OF PROTEIN HORMONES
• insulin from the pancreatic islets • gonad-stimulating hormones • growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland
52
WHAT ARE PLATELETS?
• Megakaryocytes produce thrombocytes or platelets • They help form blood clots to slow or stop bleeding
53
WHAT ARE BASOPHILS AND WHAT IS THEIR FUNCTION?
• WBC's that release heparin, histamine, and serotonin during an allergic reaction
54
WHAT IS AN ARRHYTHMIA?
• an irregular heartbeat
55
DESCRIBE IGG
• IgG: Immunoglobulin G • Type of antibody found in tissue fluids and plasma
56
DESCRIBE IGD
• IgD: Immunoglobulin D • Type of antibody found on the surface of B lymphocytes
57
DESCRIBE IGE
• IgE: Immunoglobulin E • Type of antibody found in exocrine gland secretions that is associated with allergic reactions
58
DESCRIBE MACROPHAGES
• Engulf and digest antigens; monocytes
59
DESCRIBE B1
• Vitamin B1 is also known as thiamine • It's necessary for muscle and nerve function and functions as a coenzyme in energy metabolism.
60
WHAT DO ACINI CELLS DO?
• The pancreas has a dual role in that it is part of the digestive system where its cells, called acini, produce digestive enzymes known as pancreatic juice, and it is part of the endocrine system where its pancreatic islets, also known as the islets of Langerhans, produce the hormones insulin and glucagon.
61
DESCRIBE THE SUPERIOR VENA CAVA
• Brings blood from the upper parts of the body, head, neck, and arms
62
DESCRIBE CAPILLARIES
• Microscopic blood vessels where exchange of nutrients and oxygen and waste and carbon dioxide gas occurs between blood and tissue cells
63
WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR THE BICUSPID VALVE?
• Mitral valve
64
DESCRIBE THE REGIONS OF LYMPH NODE AGGREGATIONS
• There are 3 superficial regions on each side of the body where lymph nodes tend to cluster. • Inguinal nodes in the groin, the axillary nodes in the armpit, and the cervical nodes in the neck
65
DESCRIBE PEYERS PATCHES
• Group of well-organized lymphoid follicles located in the lamina propria and submucosa of the distal portion of the small intestine • Keep the intestinal flora at appropriate levels and the pathogens at bay, thereby preventing a large number of infections
66
WHAT DOES THE BRONCHOMEDIASTINAL TRUNK DRAIN?
• Lymph fluid from the lungs, heart, trachea, mediastinal and mammary glands
67
DESCRIBE ENAMEL
• Protects teeth from wear and acids, found on the crown of a tooth
68
DESCRIBE KUPFFER CELLS
• Eat bacteria and old white and red blood cells • Found in the liver
69
DESCRIBE THE PARTS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
• Place where absorption and digestion occur
70
WHAT DOES THE LARYNX CONNECT TO?
• Larynx: voice box • It connects the throat to the windpipe (trachea)
71
DESCRIBE THE ALVEOLI
• Milk-secreting cells • Cup-shaped outpourings lined with epithelium in the lungs
72
DESCRIBE TRUNKS IN RELATION TO THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
• The main draining vessels of the lymphatic system
73
WHAT ARE THE THREE UNPAIRED PIECES OF CARTILAGE IN THE LARYNX?
• Epiglottis, thyroid, and cricoid
74
DESCRIBE EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
• AKA: breathing • Involves both bringing air into the lungs (inhalation) and releasing air into the atmosphere (exhalation)
75
WHERE IS SURFACTANT SECRETED?
• Alveoli
76
DESCRIBE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE RESPIRATORY AND CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS
• The human cardiovascular system (CVS) and respiratory system (RS) work together in order to supply (O2) and other substrates needed for metabolism and to remove carbon dioxide (CO2)
77
WHAT DO THE KIDNEYS DO?
• Their main job is to cleanse the blood of toxins and transform the waste into urine
78
DESCRIBE A NEPHRON
• The basic structural and functional unit of the kidney
79
DESCRIBE THE URETERS
• Transport urine from the renal pelvis into the urinary bladder

Anatomy & Physiology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions