AP Final Flashcards
GIVE AN EXAMPLE OF SOMETHING IN TERMS OF DIRECTION RELATED TO IT BEING SUPERIOR TO SOMETHING ELSE
The head is superior to the neck
THE BRAIN IS IN WHAT CAVITY?
The cranial cavity
EPITHELIAL CELLS ARE ANCHORED BY WHAT?
They are anchored to each other and to underlying tissues by a specialized membrane called the basement membrane
WHERE ARE CHONDROCYTES FOUND?
They are found in cavities called lacunae
CUTICLES, CORTEX, AND MEULLAS ARE PART OF WHAT APPENDAGE?
Hair
DESCRIBE OSTEOCYTES
Bone cells are called osteocytes, they are embedded in a matrix of calcium and phosphorous, the mineral salts responsible for the hardness of bone
WHAT IS THE LARGE OPENING ON THE OCCIPITAL BONE?
Foramen magnum
DESCRIBE SMOOTH MUSCLE
Found in hollow structures of the body like the intestines, bladder and blood vessels, cannot be influenced at will
WHAT IS THE OUTERMOST LAYER OF THE EYE?
The outermost layer is the sclera
WHAT IS THE INNERMOST LAYER OF THE EYE AND WHAT DOES IT CONTAIN?
The innermost layer is the retina. It is gray in color and contains the light sensitive cells known as the rods and cones
DESCRIBE PLAQUE
Cholesterol containing masses
DESCRIBE THE RENAL PELVIS
a large collecting funnel formed where the major calyces join
DESCRIBE THE URETHRA
The tube that leads from the bladder to the outside
DESCRIBE NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
Mechanism by which hormonal systems function
It’s controlled by CNS
DESCRIBE HISTAMINE
An inflammatory substance produces in response to allergies
WHAT DOES SMOOTH MUSCLE DO?
Smooth muscle pushes food through the digestive tract and blood through the circulatory system. Urine is also pushed down the ureters from the kidneys by contraction of smooth muscle
WHAT DO MELANOCYTES DO?
produces a pigment melanin inside melanosomes
DESCRIBE SEBUM
An oily, waxy substance produced by your body’s sebaceous glands.
DESCRIBE ACETYLCHOLINE
A neurotransmitter at neuromuscular junctions, at synapses in the ganglia of the visceral motor system, and at a variety of sites within the CNS.
DESCRIBE PHOSPHOCREATINE
A phosphate ester of creatine found in the vertebrae muscles, which serves to store phosphates to provide energy for muscular contraction.
WHAT ARE THE LAYERS OF THE HEART?
Layers of the heart are epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium
DEFINE LUMEN
A membrane defined space that is found inside several organelles, cellular components, or structures.
WHERE IS THE HEART LOCATED?
Located in the front of your chest, it sits slightly behind and to the left of your sternum.
WHAT ARE THE LAYERS OF THE ALIMENTARY CANAL?
Mucosa, submucosa, muscular and serous layer or serosa
DESCRIBE THE ESOPHAGUS
The muscular tube through which food passes from the throat in the stomach
DESCRIBE THE PYLORUS
Is a valve that opens and closes during digestion
Below the eplogottis
DESCRIBE THE VESTIBULES OF THE NOSTRILS
They are just inside the nostrils that lead into the nasal cavity. The nasal cavity vestibule is supported by the cartilage of the nose and is lines with tissue that contains short, coarse hairs.
DESCRIBE THE PLEURAL CAVITY
The space enclosed by the pleura, which is a thin layer of tissue that covers the lungs and lines the interior wall of the chest cavity.
WHAT DOES THE SEPTUM DO?
Separates the ventricles and allows for proper blood flow through the heart
DESCRIBE THE RENAL SINUS?
The renal sinus is just past the hilum of the kidney and is an internal space filled with loose connective tissue and adipose tissue, along with part of the renal pelvis, the calyces, and branches of blood vessels and nerves.
WHAT IS THE OUTERMOST LAYER OF THE TISSUE SURROUNDING THE KIDNEYS?
Renal Fascia
DESCRIBE THE URINARY BLADDER?
This triangle-shaped, hollow organ is located in the lower abdomen
WHERE IS URINE EXCRETED?
Urethra
DESCRIBE WHAT NEUROTRANSMITTERS ARE AND WHAT THEY DO
• The language of the nervous system through the chemical impulses
• Neurons can exert several different influences
• 50 or more neurotransmitters have been identified
• Most neurons make two or more neurotransmitters
• Usually released at different stimulation frequencies
• Classified by: chemical structure and function
DESCRIBE THE PNS
peripheral nervous system (PNS), which is subdivided into several smaller units. This second category consists of all the nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord with sensory receptors, muscles, and glands
DESCRIBE ADH
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also known as vasopressin, maintains the body’s water balance by promoting increased water reabsorption in the tubules of the nephrons of kidneys, resulting in less water in the urine.
DESCRIBE GLUCAGON
• a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels
DESCRIBE CALCIUM
Calcium (Ca+) is necessary for muscle contraction and nervous transmission as well as building strong bones
WHAT DOES THE BUNDLE OF HIS DO?
distributes the electrical charge over the medial surfaces of the ventricles.
DESCRIBE WHAT AN INFARCT IS
an area of damaged cardiac tissue
DEFINE CELLS
All living material is composed of cells, the smallest units of life. Cells are organized into tissues
DESCRIBE THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
controls and integrates all other body systems.
DESCRIBE TRANSCRIPTION
This process is called transcription and occurs with the assistance of an enzyme called RNA polymerase
WHAT ANCHORS CELLS?
Basement Membrane
DESCRIBE THE REGENERATIVE LAYER OF SKIN
The innermost layer and the most important is the stratum germinativum or the regenerative layer, also called the stratum basale.
DESCRIBE SWEAT GLANDS
are simple tubular glands found in most parts of the body. They are not found on the margins of the lips or the head of the penis.
WHAT MUSCLES FLEX THE FOREARM AT THE ELBOW
The three flexors are brachialis, biceps, and brachioradialis
WHY ARE SKELETAL MUSCLES CALLED FIBERS?
because of their highly elongated shape.
DESCRIBE WHAT A TRACT IS
A tract is a bundle of fibers inside the CNS
DESCRIBE CSF
• CSF: cerebrospinal fluid
• It acts as a shock absorber for the central nervous system and circulates nutrients. In the brain, it circulates in the subarachnoid space and the four ventricles.
GIVE EXAMPLES OF PROTEIN HORMONES
• insulin from the pancreatic islets
• gonad-stimulating hormones
• growth hormone from the anterior pituitary gland
WHAT ARE PLATELETS?
• Megakaryocytes produce thrombocytes or platelets
• They help form blood clots to slow or stop bleeding
WHAT ARE BASOPHILS AND WHAT IS THEIR FUNCTION?
• WBC’s that release heparin, histamine, and serotonin during an allergic reaction
WHAT IS AN ARRHYTHMIA?
• an irregular heartbeat
DESCRIBE IGG
• IgG: Immunoglobulin G
• Type of antibody found in tissue fluids and plasma
DESCRIBE IGD
• IgD: Immunoglobulin D
• Type of antibody found on the surface of B lymphocytes
DESCRIBE IGE
• IgE: Immunoglobulin E
• Type of antibody found in exocrine gland secretions that is associated with allergic reactions
DESCRIBE MACROPHAGES
• Engulf and digest antigens; monocytes
DESCRIBE B1
• Vitamin B1 is also known as thiamine
• It’s necessary for muscle and nerve function and functions as a coenzyme in energy metabolism.
WHAT DO ACINI CELLS DO?
• The pancreas has a dual role in that it is part of the digestive system where its cells, called acini, produce digestive enzymes known as pancreatic juice, and it is part of the endocrine system where its pancreatic islets, also known as the islets of Langerhans, produce the hormones insulin and glucagon.
DESCRIBE THE SUPERIOR VENA CAVA
• Brings blood from the upper parts of the body, head, neck, and arms
DESCRIBE CAPILLARIES
• Microscopic blood vessels where exchange of nutrients and oxygen and waste and carbon dioxide gas occurs between blood and tissue cells
WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR THE BICUSPID VALVE?
• Mitral valve
DESCRIBE THE REGIONS OF LYMPH NODE AGGREGATIONS
• There are 3 superficial regions on each side of the body where lymph nodes tend to cluster.
• Inguinal nodes in the groin, the axillary nodes in the armpit, and the cervical nodes in the neck
DESCRIBE PEYERS PATCHES
• Group of well-organized lymphoid follicles located in the lamina propria and submucosa of the distal portion of the small intestine
• Keep the intestinal flora at appropriate levels and the pathogens at bay, thereby preventing a large number of infections
WHAT DOES THE BRONCHOMEDIASTINAL TRUNK DRAIN?
• Lymph fluid from the lungs, heart, trachea, mediastinal and mammary glands
DESCRIBE ENAMEL
• Protects teeth from wear and acids, found on the crown of a tooth
DESCRIBE KUPFFER CELLS
• Eat bacteria and old white and red blood cells
• Found in the liver
DESCRIBE THE PARTS OF THE SMALL INTESTINE
• Place where absorption and digestion occur
WHAT DOES THE LARYNX CONNECT TO?
• Larynx: voice box
• It connects the throat to the windpipe (trachea)
DESCRIBE THE ALVEOLI
• Milk-secreting cells
• Cup-shaped outpourings lined with epithelium in the lungs
DESCRIBE TRUNKS IN RELATION TO THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
• The main draining vessels of the lymphatic system
WHAT ARE THE THREE UNPAIRED PIECES OF CARTILAGE IN THE LARYNX?
• Epiglottis, thyroid, and cricoid
DESCRIBE EXTERNAL RESPIRATION
• AKA: breathing
• Involves both bringing air into the lungs (inhalation) and releasing air into the atmosphere (exhalation)
WHERE IS SURFACTANT SECRETED?
• Alveoli
DESCRIBE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE RESPIRATORY AND CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEMS
• The human cardiovascular system (CVS) and respiratory system (RS) work together in order to supply (O2) and other substrates needed for metabolism and to remove carbon dioxide (CO2)
WHAT DO THE KIDNEYS DO?
• Their main job is to cleanse the blood of toxins and transform the waste into urine
DESCRIBE A NEPHRON
• The basic structural and functional unit of the kidney
DESCRIBE THE URETERS
• Transport urine from the renal pelvis into the urinary bladder
