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Clinical lectures: Yr2 > Lymphadenopathy > Flashcards

Lymphadenopathy Flashcards

1
Q

Define lymphadenopathy?

A

Enlargement of one of more lymph nodes

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2
Q

What are the 3 general causes of lymphadenopathy?

A

Infection

Neoplasm

Autoimmune disease

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3
Q

What 4 types of infection can cause lymphadenopathy?

A

Bacterial

Fungal

Viral

Protozoal

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4
Q

Give 5 types of bacterial infections that commonly cause lymphadenopathy?

A

Streptococcal

TB

Brucellosis

Typhoid fever

Cat scratch fever

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5
Q

Give 2 types of viral infections that commonly cause lymphadenopathy?

A

HIV

EBV

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6
Q

Give a type of fungal infection that commonly causes lymphadenopathy?

A

Histoplasmosis

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7
Q

Give 2 types of protozoal infections that commonly cause lymphadenopathy?

A

Toxoplasmosis

Malaria

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8
Q

How can someone acquire toxoplasmosis, and how can you identify this in a patient history?

A

Acquired from dogs

Ask patient if they have pets or have come into contact with any animals

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9
Q

How can someone acquire cat scratch fever, and how can you identify this in a patient history?

A

Acquired from cats

Ask patient if they have pets or have come into contact with any animals

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10
Q

If lymphadenopathy is caused by a primary tumour, what is the most likely origin of the tumour and why?

A

Haematological cancer, as the origin cell types directly involve lymphoreticular system

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11
Q

If lymphadenopathy is caused by a primary tumour, is the tumour more likely to be a haematological cancer or solid organ cancer?

A

Haematological cancer, as the origin cell types directly involve lymphoreticular system

Solid organ cancer doesn’t directly involve lymphoreticular system

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12
Q

Which 5 types of cancer are most likely to cause lymphadenopathy due to metastasis?

A

Lung

Breast

Thyroid

Melanoma

Stomach

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13
Q

Give 4 examples of autoimmune diseases that commonly cause lymphadenopathy?

A

SLE

Sarcoidosis

RA

Connective tissue diseases

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14
Q

What are the 2 presentations of lymphadenopathy, regarding the distribution of affected lymph nodes?

A

Generalised

Localised

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15
Q

Define generalised lymphadenopathy?

A

Lymphadenopathy in 2 or more noncontiguous lymph node groups

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16
Q

Define localised lymphadenopathy?

A

Lymphadenopathy in one lymph node group only

17
Q

What is often the general cause of generalised lymphadenopathy?

A

Underlying haematological malignancy (neoplasm)

Not common when secondary to infection or autoimmune disease

18
Q

What are the 2 common causes of localised lymphadenopathy?

A

Infection in the same region

Solid tumour which is draining into regional lymph node group

19
Q

When lymphadenopathy presents, what is usually the speed of onset?

A

Swells rapidly

20
Q

When a swollen lymph node is painful to touch, what are the 2 most likely underlying causes?

A

Infection or autoimmune disease flare up

Reactive lymphadenopathy

21
Q

When a swollen lymph node is painless to touch, what is the most likely underlying cause?

A

Malignancy (neoplasm)

22
Q

In lymphadenopathy, what fluid do enlarged lymph nodes usually drain?

A

Pus

23
Q

Give 5 associated symptoms of lymphadenopathy, and which of these 3 are red flag symptoms?

A

Weight loss (RED FLAG)

Fatigue

Shortness of breath

Night sweats that require changing clothes (RED FLAG)

Long-term fever (RED FLAG)

24
Q

What are the 3 common red flag symptoms of lymphadenopathy, and what is the most likely underlying cause?

A

Weight loss, drenching night sweats, long-term fever

Haematological malignancy

25
Q

What physical examination is done to assess lymphadenopathy?

A

Lymphoreticular exam

26
Q

What is the gold standard group of lab tests for diagnosis of lymphadenopathy origins?

A

Tissue diagnosis

27
Q

Give 5 underlying causes of lymphadenopathy that can be accurately diagnosed using FNA cytology?

A

Reactive hyperplasia

Infections

Granulomatous lymphadenopathies

Lymphomas

Metastatic malignancies

28
Q

How can FNA cytology be improved to accurately diagnose when metastasis has caused lymphadenopathy?

A

Ultrasound-guided to examine suspicious areas of lymph node such as where metastasis could have occurred

29
Q

How can FNA cytology be improved to accurately diagnose when lymphoma has caused lymphadenopathy?

A

Immunochemistry and flow cytometry

30
Q

Why is FNA cytology not the gold standard lab test for diagnosing Hodgkin’s lymphoma as the cause of lymphadenopathy?

A

Has high rate of false-negative results for Hodgkin’s lymphoma

31
Q

Why is FNA cytology not the gold standard lab test for diagnosing Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma as the cause of lymphadenopathy?

A

Provides vague classification of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma

32
Q

What lab test is completed to investigate if lymphadenopathy has originated from a skin lesion?

A

Skin biopsy

33
Q

What blood tests are done to diagnose infections and autoimmune diseases as the underlying cause of lymphadenopathy?

A

FBC

Differential, complete metabolic panel

Fungal serologies

QuantiFERON: TB

34
Q

What mode of radiological investigation is ideally used for peripheral lymphadenopathy?

A

Ultrasonography

35
Q

What is the main reason for using Colour-doppler sonography to investigate lymphadenopathies?

A

Can distinguish between old and active lymphadenopathies

36
Q

CT and MRI are used to investigate lymphadenopathies in which 2 body regions?

A

Thoracic cavity

Abdominopelvic cavity

37
Q

Give 2 examples of primary tumours that commonly cause lymphadenopathies?

A

Lymphoma

Leukaemia

38
Q

Give 2 examples of drugs that cause lymphadenopathy and 1 example that doesn’t?

A

Phenytoin, hydralazine

Amiodarone

Clinical lectures: Yr2 (41 decks)

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